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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 1 Info- Slides Contd 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Info- Slides Contd 2 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord
…: evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS
increased …. in the head
highest level is reached in the human brain

A

cephalization;

number of neurons

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2
Q

anterior end of the neural tube gives rise to three primary brain vesicles:
… -forebrain
… - midbrain
… - hindbrain

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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3
Q

primary vesicles give rise to five secondary brain vesicles:
… and … arise from the forebrain
… remains undivided
… and … arise from the hindbrain

A

telencephalon; diencephalon;
mesencephalon;
metencephalon; myelencephalon

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4
Q

telencephalon –> … (two hemispheres with cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei)

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

diencephalon –> …, …, …, and …

A

thalamus; hypothalamus; epithalamus; retina

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6
Q

mesencephalon –> … (midbrain)

metencephalon –> .. (..) and …

A

brain stem;

brain stem; pons; cerebellum

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7
Q

myelencephalon –> … )…)

central canal of the neural tube … to form fluid-filled ventricles

A

brain stem; medulla oblongata;

enlarges

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8
Q

Effect of Space Restriction on Brain Development:

… and… cause forebrain to move toward the brainstem

A

midbrain flexure; cervical flexure

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9
Q

Effect of Space Restriction on Brain Development:
cerebral hemispheres grow … and …
cerebral hemisphere surfaces crease and fold into ..

A

posteriorly; laterally;

convolutions

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10
Q

adult brain regions:

  1. …
  2. .. (interbrain)
  3. … (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  4. …
A

cerebral hemispheres;
diencephalon;
brain stem;
cerebellum

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11
Q

brain: similar pattern with additional areas of …
nuclei in … and …
cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum

A

gray matter;

cerebellum; cerebrum

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12
Q

ventricles of the brain:
connected to one another and to the … of the spinal cord
lined by … cells

A

central canal; ependymal

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13
Q

ventricles of the brain:
contain …
two C-shaped lateral ventricles in the …
third ventricle in the …
fourth ventricle in the .., dorsal to the pons, develops from the lumen of the …

A 
cerebrospinal fluid; 
cerebral hemispheres; 
diencephalon; 
hindbrain; 
neural tube
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14
Q 
ventricles of the brain: 
functions of CSF: 
1. ... 
2. ... 
3. ...
A

thermoregulation;
shock absorption;
diffusion

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15
Q

(cerebral hemispheres)
surface markings:
ridges (…), shallow grooves (…) and deep grooves (…)

A

gyri; sulci; fissures

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16
Q 
(cerebral hemispheres) 
five lobes: 
... 
... 
... 
... 
...
A 
frontal;
parietal; 
temporal; 
occipital;
insula
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17
Q

(cerebral hemispheres) surface markings:

central sulcus: separates the … of the frontal lobe and the … of the parietal lobe

A

precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus

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18
Q

(cerebral hemispheres)
….: separates the two hemispheres
…: separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A

longitudinal fissure;

transverse cerebral fissure

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19
Q

(cerebral cortex)
thin (2-4 mm) superficial layer of … (… of neurons)
..% the mass of the brain
site of …

A

gray matter; cell bodies;
40;
conscious mind

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20
Q 
(cerebral cortex) 
site of conscious mind: 
... 
... perception 
... initiation 
... 
... 
...
A 
awareness; 
sensory; 
voluntary motor; 
communication; 
memory storage; 
understanding
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21
Q

(cerebral cortex)
each hemisphere connects to … side of the body
there is … of cortical function in the hemispheres

A

contralateral;

lateralization

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22
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex)
the three types of functional areas are
1. …: control voluntary movement
2. …: conscious awareness and sensation
3. …: integrate diverse information
conscious behavior involves …

A

motor areas;
sensory areas;
association areas;
the entire cortex

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23
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex)
motor areas:
… (…) motor cortex
… cortex
… area (often found on the anatomically left side in most people)
… field

A

primary; somatic;
premotor;
Broca’s;
frontal eye

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24
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) primary motor cortex:
large pyramidal cells of the …
… axons –> … (…) tracts

A

precentral gyri; long; pyramidal; corticospinal

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25
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex)
primary motor cortex:
allows conscious control of .., …, …. movements
…: upside-down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions

A

precise; skilled; voluntary; motor homunculi

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26
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) premotor cortex: ‘
anterior to the …
controls .., …, or … motor skills

A

precentral gyrus;

learned; repetitious; patterned

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27
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) premotor cortex:
coordinates … or … actions
involved in the planning of movements that depend on …

A

simultaneous; sequential;

sensory feedback

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28
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) broca’s area:
anterior to the inferior region of the …
present in … (usually the left)
a motor speech area that directs muscles of the …
is active as one …

A

premotor area;
one hemisphere;
tongue;
prepares to speak

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29
Q

(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) frontal eye field;
anterior to the … and superior to …
controls … movements

A

premotor cortex; Broca’s area;

voluntary eye

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30
Q 
(sensory areas) 
... cortex
... cortex
... areas
... areas
... cortex 
... cortex 
... area 
... cortex
A 
primary somatosensory; 
somatosensory association; 
visual; 
auditory; 
olfactory; 
gustatory; 
visceral sensory; 
vestibular
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31
Q

primary somatosensory cortex:
in the …
receives sensory information from the .., .., and …
capable of …: identification of body region being stimulated

A

postcentral gyri;
skin; skeletal muscles; joints;
spatial discrimination

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32
Q

somatosensory association cortex:
posterior to the …
integrates … input from …
determines …, …, and … of parts of objects being felt

A

primary somatosensory cortex; sensory; primary somatosensory cortex;
size; texture; relationship

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33
Q 
(visual areas) 
primary visual (striate) cortex: 
extreme posterior tip of the ... 
most of it is buried in the ... 
receives visual information fromt he ...
A

occipital lobe;
calcarine sulcus;
retinas

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34
Q

(visual areas)
visual association area:
surrounds the …
use past visual experiences to interpret … (e.g. color, form, and movement)
complex processing involves entire … half of the hemispheres

A

primary visual cortex;
visual stimuli;
posterior

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35
Q

(auditory areas) primary auditory cortex:
superior margin of the …
interprets information from inner ear as …, …, and …

A

temporal lobes;

pitch; loudness; location

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36
Q

(auditory areas) auditory association area:
located posterior to the …
stores … of sounds and permits … of sounds

A

primary auditory cortex; memories; perception

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37
Q

olfactory cortex:
medial aspect of … lobes (in … lobes)
part of the primitive …, along with the … and …

A

temporal; piriform;

rhinencephalon; olfactory bulbs; tracts

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38
Q

olfactory cortex:
remainder of the rhinencephalon in humans besides olfactory cortex is part of the … system
region of conscious awareness of …

A

limbic;

odors

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39
Q

gustatory cortex:
in the …
involved in the perception of …

A

insula; taste

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40
Q

visceral sensory area:
posterior to …
conscious perception of … (e.g. upset stomach/full bladder)

A

gustatory cortex; visceral sensations

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41
Q

vestibular cortex:
posterior part of the … and adjacent …
responsible for conscious awareness of … (position of the … in space)

A

insula; parietal cortex;

balance; head

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42
Q

multimodal association areas:
receive inputs from multiple …
send … to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex
allow us to give … to information received, store it as …, compare it to …, and decide on action to take

A 
sensory areas; 
outputs; 
meaning; 
memory; 
previous experience;
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43
Q 
multimodal association areas: 
three parts: 
... association area (...) 
... association area 
... association area
A

anterior; prefrontal cortex;
posterior;
limbic

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44
Q

anterior association area (…)
most complicated cortical region
involved with …, …, …, and …

A

prefrontal cortex;

intellect; cognition; recall; personality

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45
Q

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex):
contains working memory needed for …, …, …, and …
development depends on feedback from …

A

judgment; reasoning; persistence; conscience;

social environment

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46
Q

posterior association area:
large region in …, …, and … lobes
plays a role in recognizing … and … and … us in space
involved in understanding … and … language (… area)

A

temporal; parietal; occipital;
patterns; faces; localizing;
written; spoken;
Wernicke’s

47
Q

limbic association area:
part of the … system
provides … impact that helps establish …

A

limbic;
emotional;
memories

48
Q

functional brain systems:
networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas of the brain:
… system
…

A

limbic;

reticular

49
Q

(limbic system) structures on the medial aspects of … and …
includes parts of the… and some cerebral structures that encircle the …

A

cerebral hemispheres; diencephalon;
diencephalon;
brains tem

50
Q

(limbic system)
emotional or affective brain:
…- recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response
… - plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict

A

amygdala;

cingulate gyrus

51
Q

(limbic system) puts emotional responses to

52
Q

(limbic system) the limbic system interacts with the … lobes, therefore:
we can react … to things we consciously understand to be happening
we are consciously aware of … in our lives

A

prefrontal lobes;

emotionally; emotional richness

53
Q

(limbic system) … and … - play a role in memory

A

hippocampus; amygdala

54
Q

(reticular formation) three broad columns along the length brain stem:
… nuclei
… (.. cell) group of nuclei
… (.. cell) group of nuclei

A

raphe;
medial; large;
lateral; small

55
Q

(reticular formation) has far-flung axonal connections with …, …, …, .., and …

A 
hypothalamus; 
thalamus; 
cerebral cortex; 
cerebellum; 
spinal cord
56
Q

(reticular formation)
RAS (…)
sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it … and …
filters out … and … stimuli (about 99% of all stimuli)
severe injury results in … (…)

A

reticular activating system;
conscious; alert;
repetitive; weak;
permanent unconsciousness; coma

57
Q 
(reticular formation) 
motor function: 
helps control ... limb movements 
reticular autonomic centers regulate ... motor functions --> ..., ..., ... centers 
fight or flight situations
A 
coarse; 
visceral; 
vasomotor; 
cardiac; 
respiratory
58
Q

electroencephalogam (EEG):
records … activity that accompanies brain function
measures …differences between various cortical areas

A

electrical;

electrical potential

59
Q 
brain waves: 
patterns of neuronal ... 
generated by ... activity in the cortex 
each person's brain waves are ... 
can be grouped into four classes based on ... measured as ... (Hz)
A

electrical activity;
synaptic;
unique;
frequency; Hertz

60
Q

(types of brain waves)

… (8-13 Hz): regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indicating an … brain

A

alpha waves; idling

61
Q

(types of brain waves)

… waves (14-30 Hz): rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally …

A

beta; alert

62
Q

(types of brain waves) … waves (4-7 Hz): more irregular; common in children and uncommon in adults

63
Q

(types of brain waves) … waves (4 Hz or less): high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is .., or during …; may indicate …

A

delta; damped; anesthesia; brain damage

64
Q

(brain waves: state of the brain) change with …, …, …, and the … state of the body

A

age; sensory stimuli; brain disease; chemical

65
Q

(brain waves: state of the brain) EEGs used to diagnose and localize brain …, …, …, …, …, and … lesions

A

lesions; tumors; infarcts; infections; abscesses; epileptic

66
Q

(brain waves: state of the brain) a … (no …) is clinical evidence of death

A

flat EEG; electrical activity

67
Q

epilepsy:

a victim of epilepsy may lose …, fall …, and have uncontrollable …

A

consciousness; stiffly; jerking

68
Q

epilepsy:
epilepsy is not associated with …
epilepsy occurs in …% of the population

A

intellectual impairments; 1;

69
Q

(epileptic seizures) … or …: mild seizures seen in young children where the expression goes blank

A

absence seizures; petit mal

70
Q

(epileptic seizures) … (…) seizures: victim loses consciousness, bones are often broken due to intense contractions, may experience loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tongue

A

tonic-clonic; grand mal

71
Q

control of epliepsy:
… drugs
… implanted under the skin of the chest can keep electrical activity of the brain from becoming chaotic

A

anticonvulsive;

vagus nerve stimulators

72
Q

(consciousness) conscious perception of …

voluntary … and … of movement

A

sensation;

initiation; control

73
Q

(consciousness) capabilities associated with higher mental processing (…, …, …, etc)

A

memory; logic; judgment

74
Q

(consciousness) loss of consciousness (e.g. … or …) is a signal that brain function is impaired

A

fainting; syncope

75
Q 
(consciousness) clinically defined on a continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli: 
... 
... (...)
... 
...
A

alertness;
drowsiness; lethargy;
stupor;
coma

76
Q

…: state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation

77
Q

two major types of sleep (defined by EEG patterns):
1 … (…)
2. … (…)

A

nonrapid eye movement; NREM;

rapid eye movement; REM

78
Q

first two stages of NREM occur during the first …-… minutes of sleep
fourth stage is achieved in about … minutes, and then REM sleep begins abruptly

A

30; 45; 90

79
Q

REM: … (except ocular muscles and diaphragm) are actively inhibited; most … occurs

A

skeletal muscles; dreaming

80
Q

NREM stage 1:

… begins; EEG shows … waves, arousal is …

A

relaxation; alpha; easy

81
Q

NREM stage 2:

irregular EEG with … (short high-amplitude bursts); arousal is more …

A

sleep spindles; difficult

82
Q

NREM stage 3: sleep deepens; … and … waves appear; vital signs …

A

theta; delta; decline

83
Q

NREm stage 4: EEG is dominated by … waves; arousal is difficult; …, …, and … may occur

A

delta; bed-wetting; night terrors; sleepwalking

84
Q

(sleep patterns) alternating cycles of … and … reflect a natural circadian (24-hour) rhythm
… activity is inhibited during, but RAS also mediates, dreaming sleep

A

sleep; wakefulness;

RAS

85
Q

(sleep patterns) the … and … nuclei of the hypothalamus time the sleep cycle
a typical sleep pattern alternates between … and … sleep

A

suprachiasmatic; preoptic;

REM; NREM

86
Q

(sleep patterns) hypothalamic neurons release peptides called …, which act as “wake-UP!” chemical signals, causing brain stem reticular formational neurons to fire at …, resulting in arousing the sleepy …

A

orexins; maximal rate; cortex neurons

87
Q

… sleep (NREM stages … and …) is presumed to be the restorative stage
people deprived of REM sleep become … and …

A

slow-wave; 3; 4;

moody; depressed

88
Q

REM sleep may be a … process where superfluous information is purged from the brain
daily sleep requirements … with age

A

reverse learning;

decline

89
Q

stage … sleep declines steadily and may disappear after age 60

90
Q

(sleep disorders)
…: lapsing abruptly into sleep from the awake state
…: chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed
…: temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

A

nacrolepsy;
insomnia;
sleep apnia

91
Q

(language) language implementation system:
…
… and … (in the association cortex on the left side)
analyzes incoming …
producing outgoing … and … structures

A

basal nuclei;
broca’s area; wernicke’s area;
word sounds;
word sounds; grammatical structures

92
Q

(language) corresponding areas on the right side are involved with … language components

93
Q 
memory: 
storage and retrieval of information
two stages of storage: 
... (STM, or .. memory): temporary holding of information; limited to ... or ... pieces of info 
... (LTM) has limitless capacity
A

short-term memory; working; seven; eight;

long-term memory

94
Q

factors that affect transfer from STM to LTM:

  1. … state: best if alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused
  2. …: repetition and practice
  3. …: tying new information with old memories
  4. … memory: subconscious information stored in LTM
A

emotional;
rehearsal;
association;
automatic memory

95
Q

categories of memory:
1. … memory (… knowledge):
explicit information
related to our … thoughts and our … ability
stored in LTM with … in which it was learned

A

declarative; factual;
conscious; language;
context

96
Q

categories of memory:
2. … memory:
less conscious or unconscious
acquired through … and …
best remembered by … ; hard to unlearn
includes … (…) memory, … memory, and … memory

A

nondeclarative;
experience; repetition;
doing;
procedural; skills; motor; emotional

97
Q

declarative memory (available to consciousness):
daily episodes
… and their meanings
…

A

words;

history

98
Q 
nondeclarative (generally not available to consciousness): 
.. skills 
... 
... cues 
... skills
A

motor;
associations;
priming;
puzzle-solving

99
Q

(brain structures involved in declarative memory) … and surrounding … function in consolidation and access to memory
… from basal forebrain is necessary for memory formation and retrieval

A

hippocampus; temporal lobes;

ACh

100
Q

(brain structures involved in nondeclarative memory)
procedural memory: … relay sensory and motor inputs to the thalamus and premotor cortex
… from … is necessary

A

basal nuclei;

dopamine; substantia nigra

101
Q

(brain structures involved in nondeclarative memory)
motor memory: …
emotional memory: …

A

cerebellum;

amygdala

102
Q

(molecular basis of memory) during learning:
… is synthesized and moved to axons and dendrites
… change shape

A

altered mRNA:

dendritic spines

103
Q

(molecular basis of memory) during learning:
extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in …
number and size of … may increase
more neurotransmitter is released by …

A

Long-term memory;
presynaptic terminals;
presynaptic neurons

104
Q

(molecular basis of memory) increase in … (…, or LTP) is crucial
neurotransmitter (…) binds to NMDA receptors, opening … in postsynaptic terminal

A

synaptic strength; long-term potentiation;

glutamate; calcium channels

105
Q

(molecular basis of memory)
calcium influx triggers enzymes that modify proteins of the … terminal and … terminal (via release of … messengers)

A

postsynaptic; presynaptic; retrograde messengers

106
Q

(molecular basis of memory)
enzymes trigger … activation for synthesis of … proteins, in presence of … (cAMP response-element binding protein) and … (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)

A

postsynaptic gene; synaptic; CREB; BDNF

107
Q

blood-brain barrier:
helps maintain a … environment for the brain
separates neurons from some … substances

A

stable;

bloodborne

108
Q 
blood-brain barrier: 
composition: 
continuous endothelium of ... 
... 
... --> provide signal to endothelium for the formation of ... junctions
A

capillary walls;
basal lamina;
feet of astrocytes; tight

109
Q

blood-brain barrier:
selective barrier: allows nutrients to move by …
allows any … substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics

A

facilitated diffusion;

fat-soluble

110
Q

blood-brain barrier:
absent in some areas (e.g. … center and the …, where it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition of the blood_

A

vomiting center; hypothalamus

111
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of the brain)
traumatic brain injuries:
…: temporary alteration in function
…: permanent damage
… or …; may force brain stem through the foramen magnum, resulting in death
…: swelling of the brain associated with traumatic head injury

A

concussion;
contusion;
subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage;
cerebral edema

112
Q 
(homeostatic imbalances of the brain) 
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs/ strokes) 
... is blocked and brain tissue dies (e.g. blockage of a cerebral artery by a ...) 
typically leads to ..., or ... and ... deficits
A

blood circulation; blood clot;

hemiplegia; sensory; speed

113
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of the brain) cerebrovascular accidents:
… (TIAs): temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
… is the only approved treatment for stroke

A

transient ischemic attacks;

tissue plasminogen activator

114
Q

(homeostatic imbalances of the brain) degenerative brain disorders:
… (AD): a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
… disease: degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
… disease: a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protein … that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

A

alzheimer’s disease;
parkinson’s disease
huntington’s disease; huntingtin

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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