Exam 3 Lec Notes Contd. 2 Flashcards
lungs take up vast majority of volume of …
hilum is where everything goes in and out of lungs
thoracic cavity
actual surface of lungs is the … surface
costal
apex of each lung sits right below the …
mediastinal surface is where the … is
collarbone;
hilum
left lung has fewer divisions of the … that leads into lungs
conducting system
pumping on average … L of blood/min (basically entire blood content in volume)
if pressure was kept high in pulmonary circulation, this would … tissue in lungs fairly easily –> tissue in lungs is hollow and thin
high amount of pressure would lead to … and lungs then begin to …
5;
damage;
hemorrhaging;
fill up with blood
bronchial arteries are branching off of the …
necessary for all of the tissue except the … bc they are thin enough to get all of the oxygen they need without this
arteries;
alveoli
fluid from pleural cavity makes sure that lungs remain as … as possible
… is a condition where this lubrication is faulty, so breathing becomes extremely difficult
lungs don’t slide past wall of chest and even past themselves and they start to be replaced by … and getting damaged
elastic;
cystic fibrosis;
scar tissue
respiratory system = … system
pulmonary
when intrapulmonary pressure equalizes with Patm, this is the point in breathing when you can’t …
trying to inhale as much as possible, eventually it “stops” because of this
get any more air into lungs
intrapleural always has to be less than Patm and Ppul because otherwise lungs won’t …. the lungs are not physically attached to the thoracic cavity, they’re kept inflated bc Pip is always smaller than Patm and Ppul.
Patm is included here, because Ppul can equal Patm, but for regular shallow breathing, only considered….
stick to inside of the chest;
Ppul
negative Pip generated bc:
lung tissue is “sticky” doesn’t want to stay inflated primarily due to inside of the alveoli themselves there’s fluid, which is actively trying to…–> pulling on alveoli
that alveolar fluid is necessary because… is much more efficient when things are wet. the problem with this is that water has …, which tends to pull water molecules together, putting stress on alveoli
what works to expand lungs is that, they’re enclosed in a double walled sac and through … they’re stuck to the inside of the thoracic cavity
reduce alveolar size;
diffusion;
surface tension;
adhesion of fluid
… is just the difference between pressure in lungs and pressure in pleura
if kept in correct numbers, always keeps the lungs open
transpulmonary pressure
transpulm. pressure only needs to be around … mm Hg, don’t need that much of a difference
1
atelectasis (lung collapse) can happen through … and plugging a …, which can lead to a lobe/lung collapsing,
another way which is more common is if there’s a wound that admits air into pleural cavity– this is called a …
yet another way: physically tearing lung off of inner walls of thorax by … (lifting a lot of weight very … - … expanding faster than … can)
inhaling a foreign object; major bronchiole;
pneumothorax;
improper lifting (lifting a lot of weight very quickly – chest expanding faster than lungs can)
can reinflate a collapsed lung using a … – large hollow needle jabbed into patient’s side to let out excess air
when pulling chest tube out, a lot of times muscle will bounce back and prevent lung from recollapsing
chest tube
endocrine system includes number of different tissues and works alongside … system; affects …
nervous; metabolism
hormones don’t influence things as quickly as NS, but because they are long lasting in the …, they have much longer effect than other types of cell-cell communication
bloodstream
… signals only travel a short distance – cells that secrete these are acting to … neighboring cells about what happens to be going on at the one given time
paracrine;
inform;
because of the … of autocrine and paracrines, they are not considered to be part of the endocrine system
short distances
steroids as a chemical category are molecules that are composed of various organizations of groups arranged on a … scaffold
cholesterol
hormones can bind directly to …
transcription factors
…: stimulate mitosis
mitogens
all of the of the amino acid based hormones are soluble, except for .. hormone
thyroid
because amino acid based hormones are water soluble, they can’t cross the plasma membrane; thus, they have to bind to … in order to signal to the interior of these cells
transmembrane receptors
