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Mammalian Physiology > Ch. 16 PPT Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 16 PPT Notes Flashcards

1
Q

(endocrine system) acts with the … to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells
influences … activities by means of … transported in the blood

A

nervous system;
metabolic;
hormones

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2
Q

(endocrine system) responses occur more … but tend to … than those of the nervous system

A

slowly; last longer

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3
Q 
(endocrine system) endocrine glands: 
...
... 
... 
... 
...
A 
pituitary; 
thyroid; 
parathyroid; 
adrenal; 
pineal
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4
Q

(endocrine system) some organs produce both … and … products (e.g. … and …)
examples of exocrine products are … and …

A

hormones; exocrine;
pancreas; gonads;
sweat; saliva

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5
Q

(endocrine system) the hypothalamus has both … and … functions

A

neural; endocrine

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6
Q

(endocrine system) other tissues and organs that produce hormones include
…
…
cells in the walls of the …, …, …, and …

A 
adipose cells; 
thymus; 
small intestine; 
stomach; 
kidneys; 
heart
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7
Q

hormones: long-distance chemical signals that travel in the … or …
…: chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
..: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

A

blood; lymph;
autocrines;
paracrines

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8
Q

autocrines and paracrines are … and will not be considered part of the endocrine system

A

local

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9
Q

(chemistry of hormones)
two main classes:
1. … -based hormones
2. …

A

amino acid;

steroids

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10
Q

(chemistry of hormones)
two main classes:
1. amino acid-based hormones:
…, …, …, and …

A

amines;
thyroxine;
peptides;
proteins

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11
Q 
(chemistry of hormones) 
two main classes: 
2. steroids: 
synthesized from ... 
... and ... hormones
A

cholesterol;

gonadal; adrenocortical

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12
Q

(hormone action on target cells) 1. alter … or … by opening or closing …

A

plasma membrane permeability; membrane potential; ion channels

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13
Q

(hormone action on target cells) 2. stimulate synthesis of … or … molecules

  1. active or deactivate …
  2. induce … activity
  3. stimulate …
A

proteins; regulatory;
enzyme systems;
secretory activity;
mitosis

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14
Q

(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
1. water soluble hormones (all … hormones except …)
cannot … the target cells
act on …

A

amino acid-based;
thyroid hormone;
enter;
plasma membrane receptors

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15
Q

(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
1. water-soluble hormones:
coupled by … to intracellular … that mediate the target cell’s response

A

G proteins; second messengers;

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16
Q

(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
2. lipid-soluble hormones (… and … hormones)
act on … that directly activate …

A

steroid;
thyroid;
intracellular receptors;
genes

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17
Q

(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
2. lipid-soluble hormones:
thyroid hormones are … into the cell and bind to …

A

transported;

nuclear receptors

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18
Q

(signal pathways: receptor locations)
target cell receptors:
lipophilic signal molecules –> bind to receptors either in … or … –> slower responses related to changes in …
lipophobic/lipophilic signal molecules bind to receptors on the …

A

cytosol; nucleus; gene activity

plasma membrane

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19
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:

  1. Hormone (…) binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates …
  3. the thing that was just activated activates …
A

first messenger;
G protein;
adenylate cyclase

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20
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:

  1. adenylate cyclase converts … to … (…)
  2. this activates …
A 
ATP; cAMP; second messenger; 
protein kinases (this is referring to cAMP)
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21
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:

  1. activated kinases … various proteins, activating some and inactivating others
  2. cAMP is rapidly degraded by the …
  3. intracellular enzymatic cascades have a huge … effect
A

phosphorylate;
enzyme phosphodiesterase;
amplification

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22
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:
active protein kinase triggers responses of target cell (activates …, stimulates .., opens .., etc)

A

enzymes; cellular secretion; ion channel

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23
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism:
Used by some … hormones in some tissues
involves a …, which activates … enzyme

A

amino acid-based;
G protein;
phospholipase C

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24
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism:
… splits membrane phospholipid PIP2 into two second messengers: … and …

A

phospholipase;
diacylglycerol (DAG);
IP3

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25
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism:

DAG activates …; IP3 triggers release of …

A

protein kinases;

Ca2+

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26
Q

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism:

calcium alters … or … or binds to the regulatory protein …

A

enzymes; channels; calmodulin

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27
Q

(intracellular receptors and direct gene activation)
steroid hormones and thyroid hormone:
1. diffuse into their target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
2. … enters the nucleus and (3) binds to a …
4. this prompts … to produce …, which directs …

A 
receptor-hormone complex; 
specific region of DNA; 
DNA transcription; 
mRNA; 
protein synthesis
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28
Q

(intracellular receptors and direct gene activation)
steroid hormones and thyroid hormone:
the specific DNA sequence that the receptor-hormone complex binds to is called a …

A

hormone response element

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29
Q

(target cell specificity) target cells must have specific … to which the hormone binds:
ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the …
… receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body

A

receptors;
adrenal cortex;
thyroxin

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30
Q

target cell activation depends on three factors:

  1. … of the hormone
  2. relative … on or in the target cell
  3. … between receptor and hormone
A

blood levels;
number of receptors;
affinity of binding

31
Q

(target cell activation) hormones influence the number of their …:
… - target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
… - target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

A

receptors;
up-regulation;
down-regulation

32
Q

(hormones in the blood) hormones circulate in the blood either free or bound:
… and … are attached to plasma proteins
all others circulate without …

A

steroids; thyroid hormone;

carriers

33
Q

(hormones in the blood) the concentration of a circulating hormone in blood reflects:
…
speed of … and … from the body

A

rate of release;

inactivation; removal

34
Q

(hormones in the blood) hormones are removed from the blood by:

  1. …
  2. …
  3. …
  4. …- the time required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half
A

degrading enzymes;
kidneys;
liver;
half-life

35
Q

(interaction of hormones at target cells) multiple hormones may interact in several ways:
…: one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
…: more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell
…: one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone

A

permissiveness;
synergism;
antagonism

36
Q

(control of hormone release) blood levels of hormones:
are controlled by … systems
vary only within a …

A

negative feedback;

narrow desirable range

37
Q 
(control of hormone release) 
hormones are synthesized and released in response to: 
1. ... stimuli 
2. ... stimuli
3. ... stimuli
A

humoral;
neural;
hormonal

38
Q

(humoral stimuli) changing blood levels of … and … directly stimulates secretion of hormones

A

ions; nutrients;

39
Q

(humoral stimuli) example: Ca2+ in the blood
declining blood ca2+ concentration stimulates the … to secrete … (…)
PTH causes Ca2+ concentrations to … and the stimulus is removed

A

parathyroid glands;
PTH; parathyroid hormone;
rise

40
Q

(neural stimuli) … stimulate hormone release

e.g. sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate the … to secrete …

A

nerve fibers;
adrenal medulla;
catecholamines

41
Q

(neural stimuli) … stimulate adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines (… and …)

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibers;

epinephrine; norepinephrine

42
Q

(hormonal stimuli) hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones:

  1. hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most … hormones
  2. … hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones
  3. …: hormones from the final target organs inhibit the release of the anterior pituitary hormones
A

anterior pituitary;
anterior pituitary;
hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop

43
Q

(nervous system modulation) the nervous system modifies the … of endocrine glands and their … mechanisms
example: under severe stress, the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system are activated –> as a result, … levels rise

A

stimulation;
negative feedback;
body glucose

44
Q

the pituitary gland (…) has two major lobes:

… and …

A

hypophysis;
posterior pituitary;
anterior pituitary

45
Q

posterior pituitary: … (glial like supporting cells) and … - more for … of neurohormones (… and …)

A

pituicytes;
nerve fibers;
storage;
oxytocin; ADH

46
Q

anterior pituitary:
…
… tissue

A

adenohypophysis;

glandular

47
Q

(posterior lobe) a downgrowth of … tissue;

neural connection to the hypothalamus (…)

A

hypothalamic neural;

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

48
Q

(posterior lobe) nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize the neurohormones … and …
… are transported to the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone;

neurohormones

49
Q

(posterior lobe) 1. hypothalamic neurons synthesize oxytocin and ADH

  1. oxytocin and ADH are transported along the … to the posterior pituitary
  2. oxytocin and ADH are stored in … in the posterior pituitary
  3. oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when …
A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract;
axon terminals;
hypothalamic neurons fire

50
Q 
anterior lobe: 
originates as an out-pocketing of the ... 
hypophyseal portal system: 
... 
... 
...
A

oral mucosa;
primary capillary plexus;
hypophyseal portal veins;
secondary capillary plexus

51
Q

anterior lobe;

carries … and … hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

A

releasing; inhibiting

52
Q

anterior lobe:

  1. when appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the …
  2. hypothalamic hormones travel through the … to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate/inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
  3. anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the …
A

primary capillary plexus;
portal veins;
secondary capillary plexus

53
Q

anterior pituitary hormones:

  1. …
  2. … or …
  3. …
  4. …
  5. …
  6. …
A 
growth hormone (GH); 
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin; 
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); 
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); 
luteinizing hormone (LH); 
prolactin (PRL)
54
Q

anterior pituitary hormones:
all are …
all except … activate cyclic AMP second-messenger systems at their targets

A

proteins;

GH

55
Q

anterior pituitary hormones:

…, …, .., and … are all tropic hormones (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)

A

TSH;
ACTH;
FSH;
LH

56
Q

growth hormone:
produced by …
stimulates most cells, but targets … and …
promotes … synthesis and encourages use of … for fuel

A

somatotrophs;
bone; skeletal muscle;
protein;
fats

57
Q

growth hormone:

most effects are mediated indirectly by …

A

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

58
Q

growth hormone (GH):
GH release is regulated by:
… (…)
… (…/…)

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone; GHRH;

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; GHIH; somatostatin

59
Q

direct action of GH:

stimulates …, …, …, and … to produce insulin-like growth factors

A

liver; skeletal muscle; bone; cartilage

60
Q

direct action of GH:
mobilizes …
elevates blood glucose by … and encouraging … (… effect of GH)

A

fats;
decreasing glucose uptake;
glycogen breakdown;
anti-insulin

61
Q

homeostatic imbalances of growth hormone:
hypersecretion:
in children results in …
in adults results in …

hyposecretion:
in children results in …

A

gigantism;
acromegaly;
pituitary dwarfism

62
Q

hypothalamus secretes … and …, leading to release of growth hormone (which then inhibits … release and stimulates … release and inhibits … synthesis and release)

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH); somatostatin (GHIH);
GHRH;
GHIH;
GH

63
Q

growth hormone:
indirect actions (growth promoting):
… and other tissues produce … which lead to increased … formation and … growth and increased … synthesis, and cell .. and …

A 
liver; 
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs); 
cartilage; 
skeletal; 
protein; 
growth; proliferation;
64
Q

growth hormone:
direct actions (metabolic, anti-insulin):
increased … breakdown and released
increased blood … and other … effects

A

fat;
glucose;
anti-insulin

65
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (…):
produced by … of the anterior pituitary
stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the …

A

thyrotropin;
thyrotrophs;
thyroid

66
Q

(thyroid-stimulating hormone-thyrotropin) regulation of TSH release:
stimulated by … (TRH)
inhibited by rising blood levels of … hormones that act on the … and …

A

thryotropin-releasing hormone;
thyroid;
pituitary; hypothalamus (negative feedback)

67
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone- …
secreted by … of the anterior pituitary
stimulates the … to release …

A

corticotropin;
corticotrophs;
adrenal cortex; corticosteroids

68
Q

(adrenocorticotropic hormone-corticotropin) regulation of ACTH release:
triggered by by hypothalamic … in a daily rhythm:
level peaks in the …
rising levels of … feed back and block receptors of CRH and ACTH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone;
morning;
glucocorticoids

69
Q

(adrenocorticotropic hormone-corticotropin)
regulation of ACTH release:
internal and external factors such as …, …, and … can alter the release of CRH

A

fever;
hypoglycemia;
stressors

70
Q

(gonadotropins)
… hormone and … hormone
secreted by … of the anterior pituitary

A

follicle-stimulating (FSH);
luteinizing (LH);
gonadotrophs

71
Q

(gonadotropins)
FSH stimulates … (… or …) production
LH promotes production of …
absent from the blood in … boys and girls

A

gamete; egg; sperm;
gonadal hormones;
prepubertal

72
Q

(gonadotropins) regulation of gonadotropin release:
triggered by the … during and after puberty
suppressed by … (feedback), which are produced in response to the gonadotropins, suppress FSH and LH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH);

gonadal hormones;

73
Q

(prolactin-PRL) secreted by … of the anterior pituitary

stimulates … in females

A

lactotrophs;

milk production

74
Q

(prolactin-PRL) regulation of PRL release:
primarily controlled by … (…);
blood levels rise toward the …
… stimulates PRH release and promotes continued milk production

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine);
end of pregnancy;
suckling

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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