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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 26 > Flashcards

Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 26 Flashcards

1
Q

(organs of the urinary system) …: produces …

A

kidney; urine

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2
Q

(organs of the urinary system) …: transports urine toward the …

A

ureter; urinary bladder

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3
Q

(organs of the urinary system) …: temporarily stores urine prior to …

A

urinary bladder;

urination

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4
Q

(organs of the urinary system) …: conducts urine to …; in males, also transports ….

A

urethra;
exterior;
semen

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5
Q

(urinary system functions) three functions of the urinary system:

  1. …: removal of organic wastes from body fluids
  2. …: discharge of waste products
  3. …: of blood plasma volume and solute concentration
A

excretion;
elimination;
homeostatic regulation

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6
Q

(urinary system functions) functions of the urinary system:
…: organs that produce urine
…: organs that eliminate urine

A

kidneys;

urinary tract

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7
Q 
(urinary system functions) functions of the urinary system: 
urinary tract consists of: 
... (paired tubes) 
... (muscular sac) 
... (exit tube)
A

ureters;
urinary bladder;
urethra

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8
Q

(urinary system functions) functions of the urinary system:
… or … - process of eliminating urine
… of muscular urinary bladder forces urine through …, and out of body

A

urination; micturition;
contraction;
urethra

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9
Q

(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of the urinary system:
regulates … and …
by adjusting … lost in urine
releasing … and …

A

blood volume; blood pressure;
volume of water;
erythropoietin; renin

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10
Q

(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of the urinary system:
regulates … concentrations
…, …, and … ions (by controlling quantities lost in urine)

A

plasma ion;
sodium;
potassium;
chloride

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11
Q

(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of the urinary system:
regulates plasma ion concs.:
… ion levels (through synthesis of …, active version of …, made by the …)

A

calcium;
calcitriol;
vit. D;
kidneys

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12
Q

(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of urinary system:
helps stabilize … - by controlling loss of … ions and … ions in urine

A

blood pH;
hydrogen;
bicarbonate

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13
Q

(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of urinary system:
conserves … –> by preventing … while excreting …

A

valuable nutrients;
excretion;
organic waste products

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14
Q

(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of urinary system:
assists … in …

A

liver; detoxifying poisons

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15
Q

(the kidneys) typical adult kidney:

about … cm long, … cm wide, and … cm thick (… in * … in * … in)

A 
10; 
5.5; 
3; 
4; 
2.2; 
1.2
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16
Q

(the kidneys) typical adult kidney:

weighs about … g (… oz)

A

150; 5.25

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17
Q

(the kidneys) hilum: point of entry for … and …

point of exit for … and …

A

renal artery; renal nerves;

renal vein; ureter

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18
Q

filtration occurs exclusively in the …, across the filtration membrane
water reabsorption occurs primarily along the … and the … of the nephron loop, but also to a variable degree in the … and … system

A 
renal corpuscle; 
PCT; 
descending limb; 
DCT; 
collecting
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19
Q

variable water reabsorption occurs in the … and …

A

DCT;

collecting system

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20
Q

solute reabsorption occurs along the …, the … of the nephron loop, the …, and the …

A

PCT; ascending limb;
DCT;
collecting system

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21
Q

variable solute reabsorption or secretion occurs at the …, the …, and the …

A

PCT;
DCT;
collecting system

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22
Q

(the kidneys) blood supply to the kidneys:

kidneys receive …-… percent of total cardiac output

A

20; 25

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23
Q

(the kidneys) blood supply to the kidneys:
… mL of blood flows through kidneys each minute - … L per day so all blood plasma is filtered about … times per day

A

1200;
180;
60

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24
Q

(the kidneys) Blood supply to the kidneys:

kidney receives blood through …

A

renal artery

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25
Q

(the kidneys) The nephron: consists of … and …

A

renal tubule; renal corpuscle

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26
Q

(the kidneys) the nephron:
renal tubule:
long … passageway
begins at ….

A

tubular;

renal corpuscle

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27
Q 
(the kidneys) the nephron: 
renal corpuscle: 
spherical structure consisting of: 
.... (....)
...-shaped chamber 
... (...)
A

glomerular capsule; Bowman’s capsule;
cup;
capillary network; glomerulus

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28
Q 
(the kidneys) 
glomerulus: 
consists of ... intertwining capillaries 
blood delivered via ... 
blood leaves in ....
A

50;
afferent arteriole;
efferent arteriole

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29
Q

(the kidneys) glomerulus:
blood leaves in efferent arteriole:
flows into …., which drains into … and return blood to venous system

A

peritubular;

small venules

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30
Q

(the kidneys) each nephron:

empties into the … –> a series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron

A

collecting system

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31
Q

(the kidneys) each nephron:
collecting ducts:
receive … from …

A

fluid; many nephrons

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32
Q 
(the kidneys) each nephron: 
each collecting duct: 
begins in .... 
descends into ... 
carries fluid to .... that drains into a ...
A

cortex;
medulla;
papillary duct;
minor calyx

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33
Q

(the kidneys) cortical nephrons:
… % of all nephrons
located mostly within … of kidney

A

85;

superficial cortex

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34
Q 
(the kidneys) cortical nephrons: 
nephron loop (...) is relatively ... 
efferent arteriole delivers blood to a network of ...
A

loop of Henle;
short;
peritubular capillaries

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35
Q

(the kidneys) juxtamedullary nephrons:
… percent of nephrons;
nephron loops extend ….
peritubular capillaries connect to …

A

15;
deep into medulla;
vasa recta

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36
Q

(the kidneys) the renal corpuscle:

each renal corpuscle is …-… micrometers in diameter

A

150; 250

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37
Q 
(the kidneys) the renal corpuscle: 
glomerular capsule: 
is connected to initial segment of ... 
forms outer wall of ... 
encapsulates ....
A

renal tubule;
renal corpuscle;
glomerular capillaries

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38
Q

(the kidneys) the renal corpuscle:

…: knot of capillaries

A

glomerulus

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39
Q

(the kidneys) the visceral epithelium:
consists of large cells (…):
with complex processes or “feet” (…) that wrap around specialized dense layer of …

A

podocytes;
pedicels;
glomerular capillaries

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40
Q

(the kidneys) ….: narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels

A

filtration slits

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41
Q

(the kidneys) filtration slits:

materials passing out of blood at glomerulus - must be small enough to pass between ….

A

filtration slits

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42
Q

(the kidneys) the glomerular capillaries:

are … capillaries - contains …-diameter pores

A

fenestrated;

large

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43
Q

(the kidneys) blood flow control:
special supporting cells (… cells):
between …
control … and rate of …

A

mesangial;
adjacent capillaries;
diameter;
capillary blood flow

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44
Q

(the kidneys) filtration:

blood pressure –> forces … and … across membrane into …

A

water;
small solutes;
capsular space

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45
Q

(the kidneys) filtration:
blood pressure:
… solutes, such as …, are excluded

A

larger;

plasma proteins

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46
Q

(the kidneys) filtration at renal corpuscle:
is …
solutes enter … –> … and excess …

A

passive;
capsular space;
metabolic wastes;
ions

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47
Q

(the kidneys) filtration at renal corpuscle:
solutes enter capsular space:
…, free …, …, and …

A

glucose;
free fatty acids;
amino acids;
vitamins

48
Q

(the kidneys) reabsorption:
useful materials are … before filtration leaves kidneys
reabsorption occurs in …

A

recaptured;

proximal convoluted tubule

49
Q

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule:
the first segment of …
entrance to PCT lies opposite point of connection of … and … with …

A

renal tubule;
afferent and efferent arterioles;
glomerulus

50
Q

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT):
functions in …
… substances into lumen

A

reabsorption;

secretes

51
Q

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT):

absorb …, …, …, and … from tubular fluid

A

organic nutrients;
ions;
water;
plasma proteins

52
Q

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule:

release them into … (interstitial fluid around ….)

A

peritubular fluid;

renal tubule

53
Q

(the kidneys) the nephron loop (loop of Henle):
renal tubule turns toward …
descending limb: fluid flows toward ….

A

renal medulla;

renal pelvis

54
Q

(the kidneys) the nephron loop:
ascending limb:
fluid flows toward …
create … in peritubular fluid

A

renal cortex;

high solute concentrations

55
Q

(the kidneys) each limb contains:
thick segment - pumps … and … ions out of tubular fluid
thin segment - are freely permeable to …, not to …

A

sodium; chloride;
water;
solutes

56
Q

(the kidneys) each limb contains:

thin segment - water movement helps …

A

concentrate tubular fluid

57
Q

(the kidneys) the distal convoluted tubule:
the … segment of the renal tubule
initial portion passes between … and …

A

third;

afferent and efferent arterioles

58
Q

(the kidneys) the distal convoluted tubule:

has a smaller diameter than … cells lack …

A

PCT;

microvilli

59
Q

(the kidneys) three processes at the DCT:

1. active secretion of …, …, …, and …

A

ions;
acids;
drugs;
toxins

60
Q

(the kidneys) three processes at the DCT:

  1. selective reabsorption of … and … from tubular fluid
  2. selective reabsorption of … – … tubular fluid
A

sodium and calcium ions;
water;
concentrates

61
Q

(the kidneys) the collecting system:
the distal convoluted tubule opens into the …
individual nephrons drain into a nearby …

A

collecting system;

collecting duct

62
Q

(the kidneys) the collecting system:
several collecting ducts:
converge into a larger …
which empties into a …

A

papillary duct;

minor calyx

63
Q

(the kidneys) the collecting system:
transports tubular fluid from nephron to …
adjusts ….
determines final … and … of urine

A

renal pelvis;
fluid composition;
osmotic concentration;
volume

64
Q

(renal physiology) the goal of urine production:
is to maintain homeostasis by regulating … and … of blood
including …. of … products

A

volume;
composition;
excretion;
metabolic waste

65
Q

(renal physiology) three organic waste products:

  1. …
  2. …
  3. …
A

urea;
creatinine;
uric acid

66
Q

(renal physiology) organic waste products:
are … in bloodstream
are eliminated only while …
removal is accompanied by …

A

dissolved;
dissolved in urine;
water loss

67
Q

(renal physiology) basic processes of urine formation:

  1. …
  2. …
  3. …
A

filtration;
reabsorption;
secretion

68
Q

(renal physiology) transport maximum (Tm) and the renal threshold:
if nutrient concs. rise in tubular fluid - … rates increase until …. are saturated

A

reabsorption;

carrier proteins

69
Q

(renal physiology) transport maximum and the renal threshold:
concentration higher than transport maximum:
exceeds … abilities of nephron
some material will remain in the … and appear in the …

A

reabsorptive;
tubular fluid;
urine

70
Q

(renal physiology) concentration higher than transport maximum:
determines the … a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine

A

renal threshold

71
Q

(renal physiology) renal threshold for glucose:

is approximately … mg/dL

72
Q

(renal physiology) renal threshold for glucose:
if plasma glucose is greater than 180 mg/dL:
… of tubular cells is exceeded
… appears in urine
…

A

Tm;
glucose;
glycosuria

73
Q 
(renal physiology) renal threshold for amino acids: 
is lower than glucose (... mg/dL)
amino acids commonly appear in urine: 
after a ... 
....
A

65;
protein-rich meal;
aminoaciduria

74
Q

(renal physiology) insertion of … into collecting ducts concentrates urine

A

aquaporins

75
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the hypothalamus:

continuously secretes low levels of … –> … and … are always permeable to water

A

ADH;
DCT;
collecting system

76
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the hypothalamus:

at normal ADH levels- collecting system reabsorbs … L/day (…. percent of filtrate)

77
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) urine production:

a healthy adult produces … mL per day (… percent of filtrate)

78
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) …: the elimination of urine, typically indicates production of … volumes of urine

A

diuresis

large

79
Q 
(reabsorption and secretion) 
diuretics: 
drugs that promote ... in urine 
diuretic therapy reduces: 
... 
... 
...
A

water loss;
blood volume;
blood pressure;
extracellular fluid volume

80
Q

(reabsorption and secretion)
the function of the vasa recta:
to return … and … reabsorbed in … to general circulation without disrupting the …

A

solutes; water; medulla; conc. gradient

81
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the function of the vasa recta:
some solutes absorbed in … portion do not diffuse out in … portion

A

descending;

ascending

82
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the function of the vasa recta:
more water moves into … portion than is moved out of … portion

A

ascending;

descending

83
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the vasa recta:
carries … and … out of medulla
balances … and .. in medulla

A

water; solutes;
solute reabsorption;
osmosis

84
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine:
results from …, …, and … activities of nephrons

A

filtration;
absorption;
secretion

85
Q 
(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine: 
some compounds (such as ...) are neither excreted nor reabsorbed 
... are completely reabsorbed -- other compounds missed by filtration process (e.g. ...) are actively secreted into ...
A

urea;
organic nutrients;
creatinine;
tubular fluid

86
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine:
is a …, … solution
yellow color (pigment …) –> generated in kidneys from …

A

clear; sterile;
urobilin;
urobilinogens

87
Q

(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine:
…, the analysis of a urine sample, is an important diagnostic tool

A

urinalysis

88
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:

step 1 glomerulus - filtrate produced at … has the same composition as … (minus …)

A

renal corpuscle;
blood plasma;
plasma proteins

89
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
step 2 proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)-
active removal of … and …
produces … out of tubular fluid
… volume of filtrate
keeps solution inside and outside tubule …

A

ions; organic substrates;
osmotic water flow;
reduces;
isotonic

90
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
step 3 PCT and Descending Limb:
water moves into …, leaving highly … tubular fluid
reduction in volume occurs by obligatory …

A

peritubular fluids;
concentrated;
water reabsorption

91
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
step 4 thick ascending limb:
tubular cells actively transport … and … out of tubule
…. accounts for higher proportion of total osmotic concentration

A

Na+; Cl-;

urea

92
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
step 5 DCT and collecting ducts:
final adjustments in … of tubular fluid
osmotic concentration is adjusted through … (… or …)

A

composition;

active transport; reabsorption; secretion

93
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
step 6 DCT and collecting ducts:
final adjustments in … and … of tubular fluid
exposure to … determines final urine concentration

A

volume;
osmotic concentration;
ADH

94
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
Step 7 Vasa Recta:
absorbs … and … reabsorbed by nephron loop and the ducts
maintains … of medulla

A

solutes;
water;
concentration gradient

95
Q

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function:
Step 7 Vasa Recta:
urine production:
ends when … enters the …

A

fluid;

renal pelvis

96
Q 
(urine transport, storage, and elimination) urine transport, storage, and elimination: 
take place in the urinary tract: 
... 
... 
...
A

ureters;
urinary bladder;
urethra

97
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) structures:
minor and major …, …, …, …, and … portion of …

that undergoes cycles of … and …

A 
calyces; 
renal pelvis; 
ureters; 
urinary bladder; 
proximal; 
urethra;

distention;
contraction

98
Q 
(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the ureters: 
are a pair of muscular tubes 
extend from kidneys to ... 
begin at ... 
pass over ... muscles
A

urinary bladder;
renal pelvis;
psoas major

99
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the ureters:
are …, attached to … abdominal wall
penetrate … wall of the ….

A

retroperitoneal;
posterior;
posterior wall;
urinary bladder

100
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the ureters:
… are slit-like rather than rounded
shape helps prevent … of urine when urinary bladder contracts

A

ureteral openings;

backflow

101
Q 
(urine transport, storage, and elimination) peristaltic contractions: 
begin at ... 
sweep along ... 
force urine toward ... 
every ... seconds
A

renal pelvis;
ureter;
urinary bladder;
30

102
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the urinary bladder:
is a …, … organ
functions as a temporary reservoir for …
full bladder can contain … of urine

A

hollow; muscular;
urine storage;
1 L

103
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the Urethra:
extends from … of urinary bladder
to the … of the body

A

neck;

exterior

104
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the external urethral sphincter:
in both sexes-
is a … band of …
where urethra passes through …

A

circular; skeletal muscle;

urogenital diaphragm

105
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the external urethral sphincter:
acts as a …
is under … control

A

valve;

voluntary

106
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the external urethral sphincter:
has ….
voluntary relaxation permits …

A

resting muscle tone;

micturition

107
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination:
as the bladder fills with urine-
… in urinary bladder stimulate … in … nerve

A

stretch receptors;
sensory fibers;
pelvic

108
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination:
as the bladder fills with urine:
stimulus travels from … fibers in … nerves to …

A

afferent;
pelvic;
sacral spinal cord

109
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination:
… neuron in … stimulates … muscle contraction

A

postganglionic;
intramural ganglion;
detrusor

110
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination:
interneuron relays sensation to …
projection fibers from thalamus deliver sensation to …
voluntary relaxation of … sphincter causes relaxation of … sphincter

A

thalamus;
cerebral cortex;
external urethral;
internal urethral

111
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination:
begins when stretch receptors stimulate … neurons
volume > … mL triggers micturition reflex

A

parasympathetic preganglionic motor;

500

112
Q

the afferent fibers stimulate neurons involved with:

a … pathway and a … pathway

A

local; central

113
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) infants:
lack … control over urination
… connections are not established

A

voluntary;

corticospinal

114
Q

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) …: the inability to control urination voluntarily
may be caused by trauma to … or …

A

incontinence;

internal or external urethral sphincter

115
Q

(homeostatic imbalance: obstetric fistula) prolonged labor and an undelivered child result in … where the babies head cuts off blood supply. this results in … or … or both.

A

necrosis;

urinary or fecal incontinence

116
Q

(homeostatic imbalance: obstetric fistula) it is estimated that each year … to … women develop it. more than … live with it currently.
in africa, the cost is less than $400 to fix most cases

A

50,000; 100,000;

2,000,000

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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