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Mammalian Physiology > Ch. 23 PPT Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 23 PPT Notes Flashcards

1
Q

understanding the process of digestion will help in properly assessing patients with digestive disorders such as … and …

A

acid reflux; heartburn

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2
Q 
main functions of the digestive system: 
take in ... 
break it down into ... 
... molecules into the bloodstream 
rid body of any ...
A

food;
nutrient molecules;
absorb;
indigestible remains

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3
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:

1. … (… or … or …)

A

alimentary canal; gastrointestinal; GI tract; gut

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4
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
alimentary canal/GI tract:
continuous muscular tube that runs from the … to the …
…: breaks down into smaller fragments

A

mouth; anus;

digests food

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5
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
alimentary canal/GI tract:
absorbs fragments through … into …

A

lining; blood

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6
Q 
Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups: 
alimentary canal organs: 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
...
A 
mouth; 
pharynx; 
esophagus; 
stomach; 
small intestine; 
large intestine; 
anus
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7
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
2. accessory digestive organs:
…
…
…
….: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs

A

teeth;
tongue;
gallbladder;
digestive glands

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8
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
2. accessory digestive organs:
digestive glands: …, …, and …

A

salivary glands; liver; pancreas

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9
Q

Processing of food involves six essential activities:

  1. …: eating
  2. …: movement of food through the alimentary canal
A

ingestion;

propulsion

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10
Q

Processing of food involves six essential activities:
propulsion includes:
…
…: major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of … and …

A

swallowing;
peristalsis;
contraction; relaxation

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11
Q

Peristalsis:
adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs alternately … and …:
food is moved … along the tract
primarily …; some … may occur

A

contract; relax;
distally;
propulsive; mixing

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12
Q

segmentation:
… segments of the alimentary canal organs contract and relax:
food is moved …, then …
primarily … food and breaks it down …; some … may occur

A

nonadjacent;
forward; backward;
mixes;
mechanically; propulsion

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13
Q

(digestive processes) mechanical breakdown: includes …, mixing food with …, … food in stomach, and …

A

chewing;
saliva;
churning;
segmentation

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14
Q

(digestive processes) digestion: series of … steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
absorption: passage of digested fragments from … into … or …

A

catabolic;
lumen of GI tract;
blood; lymph

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15
Q

(digestive processes)

defecation: elimination of … substances via … in form of feces

A

indigestible; anus

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16
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) peritoneum: … membranes of abdominal cavity that consists of:
…: membrane on external surface of most digestive organs
…: membrane that lines body wall

A

serous;
visceral peritoneum;
parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) …: fluid-filled space between two peritoneums; fluid … mobile organs

A

peritoneal cavity;

lubricates

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18
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) …: double layer of peritoneum; layers are … back to back

A

mesentery; fused

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19
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) mesentery:
extends from … to …
provides routes for …, …, and …

A

body wall; digestive organs;

blood vessels; lymphatics; nerves

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20
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum)

mesentery … and also stores …

A

organs in place; fat

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21
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) … (…) organs: organs that are located within the peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal; peritoneal

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22
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) … organs: located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum
includes most of …, …, and parts of …

A

retroperitoneal; pancreas; duodenum; large intestine

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23
Q

…: inflammation of peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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24
Q

peritonitis:

can be caused by …, …, or …

A

piercing abdominal wound; perforating ulcer;

ruptured appendix

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25
Q

peritonitis:
peritoneal coverings …, which helps … infection
dangerous and lethal if it becomes widespread

A

stick together; localize

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26
Q

peritonitis:

treatment- … and megadoses of …

A

debris removal; antibiotics

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27
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) all digestive organs have the same four basic layers, or tunics:

  1. …
  2. …
  3. …
  4. …
A

mucosa;
submucosa;
muscularis externa;
serosa

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28
Q 
(histology of the alimentary canal) 
1. mucosa: 
tunic layer that lines ... 
functions: different layers perform one or all three- 
secretes ..., ..., and ... 
... end products of digestion 
protects against ...
A

lumen;
mucus; digestive enzymes; hormones;
absorbs;
infectious disease

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29
Q 
(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa
made up of three sublayers: 
... 
... 
...
A

epithelium;
lamina propria;
muscularis mucosae

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30
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa- epithelium: … epithelium and … cells in most of tract

A

simple columnar;

mucus-secreting

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31
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa-epithelium:

…, …, and … are made up of … epithelium (NOT simple columnar)

A

mouth; esophagus; anus;

stratified squamous

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32
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa-epithelium:

secretes … –> … digestive organs from … and … food passage

A

mucus;
protects; enzymes;
eases

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33
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa-epithelium:

may secrete … and … (e.g. in … and …)

A

enzymes; hormones; stomach; small intestine

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34
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. lamina propria: made up of … tissue
rich supply of … located there –> needed for nourishment and absorption

A

loose areolar connective;

capillaries

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35
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal)
2. lamina propria
also contains … that help defend against microorganisms. these are part of … (… tissue)

A

lymphoid follicles; MALT; mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

36
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) muscularis mucosae:

… that produces … movements of …

A

smooth muscle; local; mucosa

37
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. submucosa:
consists of … tissue
contains … and … vessels, …, and … that supply surrounding GI tract tissues

A

areolar connective;
blood; lymphatic;
lymphoid follicles;
submucosal nerve plexus

38
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. submucosa:

has abundant amount of … tissues that help organs to … after storing large meal

A

elastic tissues;

regain shape

39
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 3. muscularis externa:
muscle layer responsible for … and …
contains … muscle layer and outer … layers

A

segmentation; peristalsis;
inner circular;
longitudinal

40
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 3. muscularis externa:

circular layer thickens in some areas to form …

A

sphincters

41
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 4. serosa:

… layer, which is made up of the …

A

outermost; visceral peritoneum

42
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 4. serosa:

formed from … tissue covered with … (single layer of … epithelium) in most organs

A

areolar connective;
mesothelium;
squamous

43
Q

(histology of the alimentary canal) 4. serosa:

replaced by … in … –> … connective tissue that holds this structure to surrounding structures

A

fibrous adventitia; esophagus;

dense

44
Q

(blood supply: splanchnic circulation) splanchnic circulation includes:
arteries that branch off … to serve digestive organs –>
…, …, and … arteries
… and…. arteries

A

aorta;
hepatic; splenic; left gastric;
inferior and superior mesenteric

45
Q

(blood supply: splanchnic circulation) splanchnic circulation includes:
… circulation:
drains … blood from digestive organs
delivers blood to … for processing

A

hepatic portal;
nutrient-rich blood;
liver

46
Q

GI tract has its own nervous system, referred to as the … nervous system
also called the …
contains more neurons than …

A

enteric nervous system;
gut brain;
spinal cord

47
Q

(enteric nervous system) gut brain is made up of … that communicate extensively with each other –> major nerve supply to GI tract wall that controls …

A

enteric neurons; motility

48
Q

(enteric nervous system)
enteric neurons make up bulk of two main interconnecting … nerve plexuses:
… nerve plexus and … nerve plexus

A

intrinsic;
submucosal;
myenteric

49
Q

(enteric nervous system)
submucosal nerve plexus: regulates … and … in …
myenteric nerve plexus: controls GI tract …

A

glands; smooth muscle; mucosa;

motility

50
Q

(enteric nervous system)

enteric nervous system participates in both … and …

A

short and long reflex arcs

51
Q

(enteric nervous system) enteric NS participates in both short and long reflex arcs:
short reflexes: mediated by … (…); respond to stimuli …

A

enteric nerve plexuses; gut brain; in GI tract

52
Q

(enteric nervous system)
enteric NS participates in both short and long reflex arcs:
long reflexes: respond to stimuli arising … or …, such as from … nervous system

A

inside; outside of gut; autonomic

53
Q

(enteric nervous system)
long refluxes:
parasympathetic system … digestive process
sympathetic system … digestion

A

enhances;

inhibits

54
Q

(enteric nervous system) external stimuli (sight, smell, taste, thought of food) goes to … to local (intrinsic) nerve plexus via … and then goes to effectors (smooth muscle/glands), yielding a response (change in … or … activity)

A

CNS; extrinsic visceral (autonomic) efferents;

contractile; secretory

55
Q

(enteric nervous system) internal stimuli picked up by …, …, or … and travel to CNS and then to local nerve plexus through extrinsic visceral efferents, to effectors to yield a response

A

chemoreceptors;
osmoreceptors;
mechanoreceptors;

56
Q

(enteric nervous system)

internal stimuli go to receptors and by … to local nerve plexus, to effectors, to yield response

A

short reflexes

57
Q

(enteric nervous system) … is the site of short reflexes

A

gastrointestinal wall

58
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:
1. digestive activity is provoked by a range of … and … stimuli:
… located in walls of GI tract organs

A

mechanical; chemical;

receptors

59
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:
1. digestive activity provoked by mechanical/chemical stimuli:
respond to …, changes in … and …, and presence of … and … of digestion

A

stretch;
osmolarity;
pH;
substrate; end products

60
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:

2. effectors of digestive activity are … and …

A

smooth muscle; glands

61
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:
2. effectors of digestive activity:
when stimulated, receptors initiate reflexes that stimulate smooth muscle to … and … lumen contents
reflexes can also activate/inhibit digestive glands that secrete … or …

A

mix; move;

digestive juices; hormones

62
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:

3. … (intrinsic and extrinsic) and … control digestive activity

A

neurons; hormones

63
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:
3. neurons and hormones control digestive activity:
nervous system control
intrinsic controls: involve … (… NS)
extrinsic controls: involve … (… NS)

A

short reflexes; enteric;

long reflexes; autonomic

64
Q

3 key concepts regulate GI activity:
3. neurons and hormones control digestive activity:
hormonal controls:
hormones from cells in … and … stimulate target cells in same/different organs to … or …

A

stomach; small intestine;

secrete; contract

65
Q

mouth is where food is … and mixed with … that begins process of digestion, and … process is initiated

A

chewed;
enzyme-containing saliva;
swallowing

66
Q 
mouth and associated organs
associated organs include: 
... 
... 
... 
...
A

mouth;
tongue;
salivary glands;
teeth

67
Q

mouth and associated organs
mouth:
also called the … (…) cavity
bounded by … anteriorly, … laterally, … superiorly, and … inferiorly

A 
oral; buccal; 
lips; 
cheeks; 
palate; 
tongue
68
Q

mouth and associated organs
mouth:
… is the anterior opening
walls of mouth lined with … epithelium

A

oral orifice;

stratified squamous

69
Q

mouth and associated organs
mouth:
walls of mouth lined with stratified squamous epithelium:
tough cells that resist …
cells of gums, hard palate, and part of tongue are … for extra protection

A

abrasion;

keratinized

70
Q

mouth and associated organs
lips and cheeks:
lips (…): composed of fleshy … muscle
cheeks: composed of … muscles
oral vestibule: recess … to lips and cheeks, … to teeth and gums

A

labia; orbicularis oris;
buccinator;
internal; external

71
Q

mouth and associated organs
lips and cheeks:
oral cavity proper: lies within … and …
…: median attachment of each lip to gum

A

teeth; gums;

labial frenulum

72
Q

mouth and associated organs
tongue:
tongue occupies .. of mouth
composed of interlacing bundles of … muscle

A

floor; skeletal

73
Q

mouth and associated organs
tongue:
functions include: …, …, and … of food during chewing
formation of …, mixture of food and saliva
initiation of …, …, and …

A

gripping; repositioning; mixing;
bolus;
swallowing; speech; taste

74
Q 
mouth and associated organs
tongue: 
intrinsic muscles change ... of tongue
extrinsic muscles alter tongue's ... 
...: attachment for tongue to the floor of the mouth
A

shape;
position;
lingual frenulum

75
Q

…: congenital condition in which children are born with an extremely short lingual frenulum:
often referred to as “…” or “…”
restricted tongue movement …
treatment: surgical … of …

A

ankyloglossia;
tongue-tied; fused tongue;
distorts speech;
snipping; frenulum

76
Q 
(salivary glands) functions of saliva: 
... mouth 
... food chemicals for ... 
... food; compacts into ... 
begins breakdown of starch with enzyme ...
A

cleanses;
dissolves; taste;
moistens; bolus;
amylase

77
Q

(salivary glands) most saliva produced by … (…) salivary glands located outside oral cavity
… salivary glands are scattered throughout oral cavity; augment slightly

A

major (extrinsic);

minor

78
Q

(salivary glands) major salivary glands include:
…: anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle
…: medial to body of mandible
…: anterior to submandibular gland under tongue

A

parotid;
submandibular;
sublingual

79
Q

(salivary glands) parotid duct opens into … next to second upper molar
submandibular duct opens at base of …
sublingual opens via … into … of mouth

A

oral vestibule;
lingual frenulum;
10-12 ducts; floor

80
Q

(salivary glands) salivary glands are composed of two types of secretory cells:
… cells: and … cells

A

serous; mucous

81
Q

(salivary glands) serous cells: produce … secretion, …, …, bit of …
mucous cells: produce …

A

watery; enzymes; ions; mucin;

mucus

82
Q

(salivary glands) parotid and submandibular glands contain mostly … cells, but sublingual gland consists mostly of … cells

A

serous; mucous

83
Q

(salivary glands) mumps: inflammation of … caused by the mumps virus (…)

A

parotid gland; myxovirus

84
Q

(salivary glands) mumps:
common … disease
can spread from person to person via …

A

children’s;

saliva

85
Q

(salivary glands) mumps:
symptoms- pain upon trying to … or …, moderate … and pain when swallowing … foods like pickles, grapefruit, or juice

A

open mouth; chew;
fever;
acidic;

86
Q

(salivary glands) mumps in adult males carries a … risk of infecting … too, which could lead to …

A

25%;
testes;
sterility

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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