Exam 2 - Lecture Notes Contd Flashcards
blood is considered … bc of its ability to clot
most of its volume is .. - water + solutes/hormones/etc
connective tissue;
plasma
platelets aren’t living because they’re fragments of a cell that produces platelets - …
megakaryocyte
basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit:
… sample of blood - plasma is at top, intermediate layer is WBCs, bottom layer is RBC layer
values for RBCs change with …
centrifuge;
altitude
basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit: … is indicative of illness
elevated buffy coat
basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit:
anemia/polycythemia can be detected based on level of RBCs
elevated levels of RBCs = increased … - increases chances of … and …
viscosity; heart attack; stroke
immune system is very good at controlling … of immune cells - namely WBCs - which is essential bc the immune response, if unchecked, can be dangerous
regular volume;
blood maintains … balance
osmotic
… proteins are involved in protecting against infection
complement proteins can protect against meningitis
complement
globulins: .., etc; can form …, … proteins
immunoglobulins; ion channels; transport
fibrinogen: involved in
blood clotting
small quantity of … in blood: we don’t really know its function
arsenic
B-cells from bone marrow: if they aren’t activated upon recognizing something that’s foreign, they will … – occurs in a time frame of …
die; 2 weeks
… are long term immune cells - potentially last for one’s entire life
memory T or B cells
RBCs have protein … that identifies them as RBCs
spectrin
more RBCs = … blood
thicker
… in the heme pigment is the physical structure that actually binds oxygen
iron atom
every RBC at full saturation has about … molecules of oxygen bound
rare to have full saturation
1 billion
beta and alpha globulins are structurally similar to …
myoglobin
around … % of air that is breathed is oxygen
22
carbaminohemoglobin is only about …% of dissolved CO2
20
hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow of … when you’re young, bu as you grow older, the bone marrow is replaced by fat and hemocytoblasts come to reside primarily in …, …, etc
long bones; pelvis; ribs
erythropoiesis is result of hormonal signal that indicates that there is a …
decreased oxygen carrying capacity
nucleus of reticulocyte stays in … and are … there
bone marrow; phagocytized
… leads to hypoxia quickly bc about … RBCs are replaced daily
RBCs are replaced every 4-6 weeks
iron deficiency;
300,000
… binds irreversibly to Hb and if too much is inhaled, you have to wait for more RBCs to be formed - long process, recovery would take a while
CO
stercobilin is created while bilirubin is in
intestines
… are more prone to iron deficiency due to …
women; menstruation
pernicious anemia is a … disorder that can’t be treated orally since B12 cannot be absorbed
B12 is essential to …
body is good at recycling B12- can recycle it for about a decade
congenital;
iron absorption
leukocytes constantly leave circulatory system to look for … and if they don’t find anything they return to the circulatory system and travel to another part of the body
abnormality
a monocyte is an immature
macrophage
when granulocytes are stained, … can be distinguished in cytoplasm that look like grains, which are vesicles containing chemical warfare agents used to fight off pathogens
puncta
defensins are … enzymes
antimicrobial
… are the first to arrive when tissue becomes inflamed
neutrophils
respiratory burst: neutrophil will move all of its granules to whatever side has made contact with parasite/some other infectious agent and dumps all the granules on them
this kills … as well
this respiratory burst process is responsible for … - …
neutrophils;
pus; dead neutrophils
eosinophils digest parasites from
outside in
eosinophils modulate immune response by releasing … compounds
pharmacological
eosinophil granules have large amounts of …
histamines
eosinophils coat themselves with … and when they bind to something that they’re not supposed to the eosinophil will …, releasing the …
antibodies;
degranulate;
histamines
eosinophils: bc they target parasites an eosinophil count can indicate if one is suffering from ..
parasitic infection
basophils are … agent to attract WBCs to inflamed areas to maintain …
chemotactic;
inflammatory response
… kills cells involved in viruses/significantly altered self-cells
cytotoxic T cells
… tell other cells of immune system what to do - allows for coordinated attach
helper T cells
…/… can act as antigen presenting cells - engulf something, digest it, present piece of it as antigen to B/T cell to activate the immune cell that recognizes that foreign tissue
monocytes; macrophages
… don’t live that long and when they die another will come and digest it and the process repeats
resident macrophages
monocytes, when activated can grow 10-15 times their nonactivated size - facilitates …
digestions
interleukins are …
Il-2: incredibly potent … –> leads to …
cytokines;
white blood cell stimulator;
clonal proliferation
myeloid stem cells manufacture … and cells that make …
RBCs; platelets (megakaryocytes)
lymphocytic leukemia are from lymphoblasts which are … cell producers
T and B
many enzymes involved in blood clotting are activated by
calcium
there is no … on luminal surface of blood vessel and when the vessel is cut open then these fibers are exposed such that platelets can bind to them
collagen
most important part of hemostasis is maintaining …, not so much the fluid
fibrin mesh will allow some … to leak out before full coagulation occurs
RBC;
plasma
platelets capable of contraction, which …, squeezing serum from the blood clot
pulls fibrin mesh tighter
… can help limit spread of procoagulants by removing them from the bloodstream
endothelial cells
… are anticoagulants, inhibiting clotting factors such that blood viscosity decreases
blood thinners
WBCs leaving circulatory system constantly … in vessels, such that little … are forming constantly; platelets close these up
poking holes; hemorrhages
hemophilia is … so its more common in men since they only have one x chromosome
x linked
… separate the tunics
elastic membranes
vasa vasorum is very tiny circulatory system that surrounds vessels and helps to nourish … areas of the media
provides additional … and … to ensure that all of the layers are adequately supplied with blood flow
thick;
oxygen;
nutrients
…: collection of connective tissue that provides … and helps with …, allowing tissue to get deformed without rupturing and helping it to return back to its normal length
basement membrane; structural support; elasticity
the tunica externa keeps vessels in place, prevents them from …, which could cause …
also where … innervate the system
moving around; tearing;
motor nerve fibers
… system roughly parallels circulatory system
lymphatic
lymphatic vessels have … that extend into capillary beds
without lymphatic system, fluid would simply build up and … over time
system declines with age
feet swell when you get up, fluid accumulating in feet
villi;
accumulate
…: collecting fluid due to lack of lymphatic emptying
edema
… arteries are the largest arteries
elastic
no … receptors in smooth muscle in aorta, because you never want vasoconstriction there
alpha adrenergic receptors
elastic arteries contain pressure reservoirs: taking some of the pressure away from the rest of the circulatory system when the heart beats - lowers overall …
systemic blood pressure
cornea doesnt have capillaries so with corneal transplants you don’t need …
oxygen that cornea needs simply … there
immunosuppressants;
diffuses
… are there on purpose (fenestration)
… are not there on purpose (these are called …)
pores;
holes;
fistulas
most digestion (absorption specifically) occurs in ... rather than the stomach so small intestines loaded with ... capillaries
small intestine;
fenestrated
… secreting things away from tissues so need fenestrated capillaries
… filters hundreds of liters of blood so they have an abundance of fenestrated capillaries
endocrine glands;
kidney
sinusoid capillaries in liver bc it has to … blood, bone marrow bc … of a lot of blood cells which need to get out of the bone marrow and into the bloodstream proper; spleen is where blood cells go to die so blood cells need to move out of the circulatory system and into the tissue of the spleen so macrophages can check out the RBCS, strip … off of them and return them to circulation
detoxify;
manufacture;
antibodies
sinusoid capillaries occur anywhere we need to move …
large things in and out
during vascular shunt (…), metarterioles have precapillary sphincters that constrict and block off capillary network, but … allows for some of the blood to still flow through so that the blood vessels don’t die
blocking;
thoroughfare channels
metarterioles lead into venules, this is where capillaries come back together:
fairly porous; this is where … will move out of circulatory system and into surrounding tissue
WBCs
metarterioles into venules:
endothelial cells are fairly porous, few pericytes, this is the one spot in the circulatory system where you don’t find completely …
smooth interior lumen
venules have areas called … (…) - little islands scattered throughout venules that increase SA of venules that cover molecules that are sticky
these express more sticky stuff designed to trap WBCs only that are passing by, such that WBCs can … during the … response
HEVs; high endothelial venules;
enter the tissue; inflammatory
BP very clsoe to … when approaching the venules, which allows WBCs to take advantage of that stickiness, stop moving, and leave circulatory system and enter tissue
0;
media in veins has collagen fibers and elastic networks that allows veins to be extraordinarily elastic such that they can … to many times their normal size
swell
during relaxed state, most of the blood in vessels
if you need to mobilize that blood during fight or flight, veins … such that blood is squeezed out of veins as heart beats faster
constrict
… works with arteries, helps force blood down into feet
to get blood back up, need fairly high pressure, which you don’t have bc branched into capillary beds - close to 0 mm Hg pressure when approaching venules
veins are not continuous and smooth, unlike arteries, have regularly spaced …, such that valves balloonw ith blood and snap shut when blood enters veins
gravity;
valves
heart has to work progressively harder to do same amount of … when resistance is high
work
for every lb of tissue on average, there are about … mi of blood vessels
1700
… have huge impact on overall peripheral resistance
precapillary sphincters
… mm difference in pressure with each hearbeat
40
systolic and diastolic pressures are not being experienced in equal amounts of time; diastole lasts about … times as long as systole which is why … pressure is more substantial
3; diastolic
when muscles contract, veins squeezed flat, and valves at bottom are closed, so blood can only flow …
returning more blood when you are moving bc of contraction
up
…: at rest parasympathetic system rules, relaxed tone is result
vagal tone
