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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 2 - Lecture Notes Contd > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture Notes Contd Flashcards

1
Q

blood is considered … bc of its ability to clot

most of its volume is .. - water + solutes/hormones/etc

A

connective tissue;

plasma

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2
Q

platelets aren’t living because they’re fragments of a cell that produces platelets - …

A

megakaryocyte

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3
Q

basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit:
… sample of blood - plasma is at top, intermediate layer is WBCs, bottom layer is RBC layer
values for RBCs change with …

A

centrifuge;

altitude

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4
Q

basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit: … is indicative of illness

A

elevated buffy coat

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5
Q

basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit:
anemia/polycythemia can be detected based on level of RBCs
elevated levels of RBCs = increased … - increases chances of … and …

A

viscosity; heart attack; stroke

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6
Q

immune system is very good at controlling … of immune cells - namely WBCs - which is essential bc the immune response, if unchecked, can be dangerous

A

regular volume;

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7
Q

blood maintains … balance

A

osmotic

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8
Q

… proteins are involved in protecting against infection

complement proteins can protect against meningitis

A

complement

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9
Q

globulins: .., etc; can form …, … proteins

A

immunoglobulins; ion channels; transport

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10
Q

fibrinogen: involved in

A

blood clotting

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11
Q

small quantity of … in blood: we don’t really know its function

A

arsenic

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12
Q

B-cells from bone marrow: if they aren’t activated upon recognizing something that’s foreign, they will … – occurs in a time frame of …

A

die; 2 weeks

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13
Q

… are long term immune cells - potentially last for one’s entire life

A

memory T or B cells

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14
Q

RBCs have protein … that identifies them as RBCs

A

spectrin

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15
Q

more RBCs = … blood

A

thicker

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16
Q

… in the heme pigment is the physical structure that actually binds oxygen

A

iron atom

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17
Q

every RBC at full saturation has about … molecules of oxygen bound
rare to have full saturation

A

1 billion

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18
Q

beta and alpha globulins are structurally similar to …

A

myoglobin

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19
Q

around … % of air that is breathed is oxygen

A

22

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20
Q

carbaminohemoglobin is only about …% of dissolved CO2

A

20

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21
Q

hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow of … when you’re young, bu as you grow older, the bone marrow is replaced by fat and hemocytoblasts come to reside primarily in …, …, etc

A

long bones; pelvis; ribs

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22
Q

erythropoiesis is result of hormonal signal that indicates that there is a …

A

decreased oxygen carrying capacity

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23
Q

nucleus of reticulocyte stays in … and are … there

A

bone marrow; phagocytized

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24
Q

… leads to hypoxia quickly bc about … RBCs are replaced daily
RBCs are replaced every 4-6 weeks

A

iron deficiency;

300,000

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25
Q

… binds irreversibly to Hb and if too much is inhaled, you have to wait for more RBCs to be formed - long process, recovery would take a while

A

CO

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26
Q

stercobilin is created while bilirubin is in

A

intestines

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27
Q

… are more prone to iron deficiency due to …

A

women; menstruation

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28
Q

pernicious anemia is a … disorder that can’t be treated orally since B12 cannot be absorbed
B12 is essential to …
body is good at recycling B12- can recycle it for about a decade

A

congenital;

iron absorption

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29
Q

leukocytes constantly leave circulatory system to look for … and if they don’t find anything they return to the circulatory system and travel to another part of the body

A

abnormality

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30
Q

a monocyte is an immature

A

macrophage

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31
Q

when granulocytes are stained, … can be distinguished in cytoplasm that look like grains, which are vesicles containing chemical warfare agents used to fight off pathogens

A

puncta

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32
Q

defensins are … enzymes

A

antimicrobial

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33
Q

… are the first to arrive when tissue becomes inflamed

A

neutrophils

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34
Q

respiratory burst: neutrophil will move all of its granules to whatever side has made contact with parasite/some other infectious agent and dumps all the granules on them
this kills … as well
this respiratory burst process is responsible for … - …

A

neutrophils;

pus; dead neutrophils

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35
Q

eosinophils digest parasites from

A

outside in

36
Q

eosinophils modulate immune response by releasing … compounds

A

pharmacological

37
Q

eosinophil granules have large amounts of …

A

histamines

38
Q

eosinophils coat themselves with … and when they bind to something that they’re not supposed to the eosinophil will …, releasing the …

A

antibodies;
degranulate;
histamines

39
Q

eosinophils: bc they target parasites an eosinophil count can indicate if one is suffering from ..

A

parasitic infection

40
Q

basophils are … agent to attract WBCs to inflamed areas to maintain …

A

chemotactic;

inflammatory response

41
Q

… kills cells involved in viruses/significantly altered self-cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

42
Q

… tell other cells of immune system what to do - allows for coordinated attach

A

helper T cells

43
Q

…/… can act as antigen presenting cells - engulf something, digest it, present piece of it as antigen to B/T cell to activate the immune cell that recognizes that foreign tissue

A

monocytes; macrophages

44
Q

… don’t live that long and when they die another will come and digest it and the process repeats

A

resident macrophages

45
Q

monocytes, when activated can grow 10-15 times their nonactivated size - facilitates …

A

digestions

46
Q

interleukins are …

Il-2: incredibly potent … –> leads to …

A

cytokines;
white blood cell stimulator;
clonal proliferation

47
Q

myeloid stem cells manufacture … and cells that make …

A

RBCs; platelets (megakaryocytes)

48
Q

lymphocytic leukemia are from lymphoblasts which are … cell producers

A

T and B

49
Q

many enzymes involved in blood clotting are activated by

A

calcium

50
Q

there is no … on luminal surface of blood vessel and when the vessel is cut open then these fibers are exposed such that platelets can bind to them

A

collagen

51
Q

most important part of hemostasis is maintaining …, not so much the fluid
fibrin mesh will allow some … to leak out before full coagulation occurs

A

RBC;

plasma

52
Q

platelets capable of contraction, which …, squeezing serum from the blood clot

A

pulls fibrin mesh tighter

53
Q

… can help limit spread of procoagulants by removing them from the bloodstream

A

endothelial cells

54
Q

… are anticoagulants, inhibiting clotting factors such that blood viscosity decreases

A

blood thinners

55
Q

WBCs leaving circulatory system constantly … in vessels, such that little … are forming constantly; platelets close these up

A

poking holes; hemorrhages

56
Q

hemophilia is … so its more common in men since they only have one x chromosome

A

x linked

57
Q

… separate the tunics

A

elastic membranes

58
Q

vasa vasorum is very tiny circulatory system that surrounds vessels and helps to nourish … areas of the media
provides additional … and … to ensure that all of the layers are adequately supplied with blood flow

A

thick;
oxygen;
nutrients

59
Q

…: collection of connective tissue that provides … and helps with …, allowing tissue to get deformed without rupturing and helping it to return back to its normal length

A

basement membrane; structural support; elasticity

60
Q

the tunica externa keeps vessels in place, prevents them from …, which could cause …
also where … innervate the system

A

moving around; tearing;

motor nerve fibers

61
Q

… system roughly parallels circulatory system

A

lymphatic

62
Q

lymphatic vessels have … that extend into capillary beds
without lymphatic system, fluid would simply build up and … over time
system declines with age
feet swell when you get up, fluid accumulating in feet

A

villi;

accumulate

63
Q

…: collecting fluid due to lack of lymphatic emptying

A

edema

64
Q

… arteries are the largest arteries

A

elastic

65
Q

no … receptors in smooth muscle in aorta, because you never want vasoconstriction there

A

alpha adrenergic receptors

66
Q

elastic arteries contain pressure reservoirs: taking some of the pressure away from the rest of the circulatory system when the heart beats - lowers overall …

A

systemic blood pressure

67
Q

cornea doesnt have capillaries so with corneal transplants you don’t need …
oxygen that cornea needs simply … there

A

immunosuppressants;

diffuses

68
Q

… are there on purpose (fenestration)

… are not there on purpose (these are called …)

A

pores;
holes;
fistulas

69
Q 
most digestion (absorption specifically) occurs in ... rather than the stomach 
so small intestines loaded with ... capillaries
A

small intestine;

fenestrated

70
Q

… secreting things away from tissues so need fenestrated capillaries
… filters hundreds of liters of blood so they have an abundance of fenestrated capillaries

A

endocrine glands;

kidney

71
Q

sinusoid capillaries in liver bc it has to … blood, bone marrow bc … of a lot of blood cells which need to get out of the bone marrow and into the bloodstream proper; spleen is where blood cells go to die so blood cells need to move out of the circulatory system and into the tissue of the spleen so macrophages can check out the RBCS, strip … off of them and return them to circulation

A

detoxify;
manufacture;
antibodies

72
Q

sinusoid capillaries occur anywhere we need to move …

A

large things in and out

73
Q

during vascular shunt (…), metarterioles have precapillary sphincters that constrict and block off capillary network, but … allows for some of the blood to still flow through so that the blood vessels don’t die

A

blocking;

thoroughfare channels

74
Q

metarterioles lead into venules, this is where capillaries come back together:
fairly porous; this is where … will move out of circulatory system and into surrounding tissue

A

WBCs

75
Q

metarterioles into venules:
endothelial cells are fairly porous, few pericytes, this is the one spot in the circulatory system where you don’t find completely …

A

smooth interior lumen

76
Q

venules have areas called … (…) - little islands scattered throughout venules that increase SA of venules that cover molecules that are sticky
these express more sticky stuff designed to trap WBCs only that are passing by, such that WBCs can … during the … response

A

HEVs; high endothelial venules;

enter the tissue; inflammatory

77
Q

BP very clsoe to … when approaching the venules, which allows WBCs to take advantage of that stickiness, stop moving, and leave circulatory system and enter tissue

A

0;

78
Q

media in veins has collagen fibers and elastic networks that allows veins to be extraordinarily elastic such that they can … to many times their normal size

A

swell

79
Q

during relaxed state, most of the blood in vessels
if you need to mobilize that blood during fight or flight, veins … such that blood is squeezed out of veins as heart beats faster

A

constrict

80
Q

… works with arteries, helps force blood down into feet
to get blood back up, need fairly high pressure, which you don’t have bc branched into capillary beds - close to 0 mm Hg pressure when approaching venules
veins are not continuous and smooth, unlike arteries, have regularly spaced …, such that valves balloonw ith blood and snap shut when blood enters veins

A

gravity;

valves

81
Q

heart has to work progressively harder to do same amount of … when resistance is high

A

work

82
Q

for every lb of tissue on average, there are about … mi of blood vessels

A

1700

83
Q

… have huge impact on overall peripheral resistance

A

precapillary sphincters

84
Q

… mm difference in pressure with each hearbeat

A

40

85
Q

systolic and diastolic pressures are not being experienced in equal amounts of time; diastole lasts about … times as long as systole which is why … pressure is more substantial

A

3; diastolic

86
Q

when muscles contract, veins squeezed flat, and valves at bottom are closed, so blood can only flow …
returning more blood when you are moving bc of contraction

A

up

87
Q

…: at rest parasympathetic system rules, relaxed tone is result

A

vagal tone

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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