Exam 4 Lec Notes Flashcards
adaptive immune system … only in animals that have …
evolved from innate;
backbones
innate immune system recognizes … through receptors
molecular patterns
adaptive immune system is able to change its … in response to changes in the things that the innate immune system recognizes
receptors
…: molecular messengers that all cells use to communicate
cytokines
keratin … to many microorganisms
toxic
sweat filled with … because this kills a lot of pathogens
salt
defensins inhibit
bacterial growth
…: lubrication in between individual layers of skin
sebum
neutrophils not normally … - have more than one way of killing various pathogens
phagocytotic
even when there is no infection, macrophages are found moving around in … because it is likely that one is …, which macrophages ingest
alveoli;
inhaling pathogens
most macrophages are …
resident macrophages found in …
free macrophages;
skin
process of marking things with various proteins (either … or …) –> …
complement system;
antibodies;
opsonization
macrophages extend long … and pull pathogens into phagosome
pseudopodal arms out
… is where bacteria is actually digested
phagolysosome
neutrophils employ … - find target and makes contact, it then exocytoses vesicles containing the exact same chemicals as … and …
neutrophils … after doing this
respiratory burst;
H2O2; bleach;
die
defensins form a
hole
natural killer cells specialize in … but kill in a variety of ways
apoptosis
inflammation is response body has for …
does not … - not involved in …
damage;
repair tissue;
repair mechanism
in severe inflammatory responses, there is complete …
if systemic, can lead to …
impairment of function;
death
… secreted by macrophages to trigger inflammatory reaction
pro-inflammatory cytokines
… = vasodilation – flooding of … and … into the area
causes heat and redness in inflammatory effect
hyperemia;
fluid; blood
capillaries leaky so … can move into damaged tissue during inflammatory effect
also causes … to start building up in damaged tissue
WBCs;
fluid
…: like bread trail for WBCs to area causing inflammation
chemokines
… treat inflammation by reducing swelling to eliminate pain
NSAIDs
temp increase can increase … and can also be deadly to certain pathogens
metabolic rate
because neutrophils are so abundant, these are usually …
neutrophils activated within … whereas macrophages activated after …
first responders;
minutes;
12 hrs
CAMs … of passing WBCs, allowing them to enter tissues from capillary beds and follow … to where invading pathogens are
slow rolling;
chemotactic trail
interferons secreted by virus-infected cells into … and binds to receptors on … cells to promote production of … materials
extracellular fluid;
neighboring;
antiviral
interferons – an attempt to save cells in …
also bind to and activate … cells
local neighborhood;
natural killer
interferon gamma NOT produced by …; produced by … themselves
virus-infected cells;
WBCs
complement is major way of destroying pathogens - we don’t get killed by complement because many substances (such as …) coating body cells which stops activation of complement
sialic acid
once complement is activated it doesn’t stop
kills cells through …
… activate classical complement system
lysis;
bound antibodies
lectins bind to … (….) –> activates complement system
sugars; manose residues
alternative pathway - other invading microorganisms aren’t coated with the substances that …
protect body cells
C3 is major … step in complement:
C3a activates …
amplification;
inflammation
C3b goes on to activate rest of complement cascade- formation of …. –> little … that punches a … in the membrane of a pathogenic organism
membrane attack complex;
hypodermic;
hole
C3a is … (like …)
… forms membrane attack complex
anaphylatoxin; anaphylaxis;
C9
