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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 4 Lec Notes > Flashcards

Exam 4 Lec Notes Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immune system … only in animals that have …

A

evolved from innate;

backbones

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2
Q

innate immune system recognizes … through receptors

A

molecular patterns

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3
Q

adaptive immune system is able to change its … in response to changes in the things that the innate immune system recognizes

A

receptors

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4
Q

…: molecular messengers that all cells use to communicate

A

cytokines

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5
Q

keratin … to many microorganisms

A

toxic

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6
Q

sweat filled with … because this kills a lot of pathogens

A

salt

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7
Q

defensins inhibit

A

bacterial growth

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8
Q

…: lubrication in between individual layers of skin

A

sebum

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9
Q

neutrophils not normally … - have more than one way of killing various pathogens

A

phagocytotic

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10
Q

even when there is no infection, macrophages are found moving around in … because it is likely that one is …, which macrophages ingest

A

alveoli;

inhaling pathogens

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11
Q

most macrophages are …

resident macrophages found in …

A

free macrophages;

skin

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12
Q

process of marking things with various proteins (either … or …) –> …

A

complement system;
antibodies;
opsonization

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13
Q

macrophages extend long … and pull pathogens into phagosome

A

pseudopodal arms out

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14
Q

… is where bacteria is actually digested

A

phagolysosome

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15
Q

neutrophils employ … - find target and makes contact, it then exocytoses vesicles containing the exact same chemicals as … and …
neutrophils … after doing this

A

respiratory burst;
H2O2; bleach;
die

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16
Q

defensins form a

A

hole

17
Q

natural killer cells specialize in … but kill in a variety of ways

A

apoptosis

18
Q

inflammation is response body has for …

does not … - not involved in …

A

damage;
repair tissue;
repair mechanism

19
Q

in severe inflammatory responses, there is complete …

if systemic, can lead to …

A

impairment of function;

death

20
Q

… secreted by macrophages to trigger inflammatory reaction

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

21
Q

… = vasodilation – flooding of … and … into the area

causes heat and redness in inflammatory effect

A

hyperemia;

fluid; blood

22
Q

capillaries leaky so … can move into damaged tissue during inflammatory effect
also causes … to start building up in damaged tissue

A

WBCs;

fluid

23
Q

…: like bread trail for WBCs to area causing inflammation

A

chemokines

24
Q

… treat inflammation by reducing swelling to eliminate pain

A

NSAIDs

25
Q

temp increase can increase … and can also be deadly to certain pathogens

A

metabolic rate

26
Q

because neutrophils are so abundant, these are usually …

neutrophils activated within … whereas macrophages activated after …

A

first responders;
minutes;
12 hrs

27
Q

CAMs … of passing WBCs, allowing them to enter tissues from capillary beds and follow … to where invading pathogens are

A

slow rolling;

chemotactic trail

28
Q

interferons secreted by virus-infected cells into … and binds to receptors on … cells to promote production of … materials

A

extracellular fluid;
neighboring;
antiviral

29
Q

interferons – an attempt to save cells in …

also bind to and activate … cells

A

local neighborhood;

natural killer

30
Q

interferon gamma NOT produced by …; produced by … themselves

A

virus-infected cells;

WBCs

31
Q

complement is major way of destroying pathogens - we don’t get killed by complement because many substances (such as …) coating body cells which stops activation of complement

A

sialic acid

32
Q

once complement is activated it doesn’t stop
kills cells through …
… activate classical complement system

A

lysis;

bound antibodies

33
Q

lectins bind to … (….) –> activates complement system

A

sugars; manose residues

34
Q

alternative pathway - other invading microorganisms aren’t coated with the substances that …

A

protect body cells

35
Q

C3 is major … step in complement:

C3a activates …

A

amplification;

inflammation

36
Q

C3b goes on to activate rest of complement cascade- formation of …. –> little … that punches a … in the membrane of a pathogenic organism

A

membrane attack complex;
hypodermic;
hole

37
Q

C3a is … (like …)

… forms membrane attack complex

A

anaphylatoxin; anaphylaxis;

C9

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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