Exam 4 Lec Notes Contd Flashcards
adaptive immune system evolved to respond to .. and … pathogens
new; novel
adaptive immune system doesn’t respond … There’s a …, must be …
right away; lag; primed
every neutrophil is … to every other neutrophil
identical
memory formed through … cells
… work through these, priming immune system if exposed to that pathogen again
T and B;
vaccines
antibodies have very high
affinity
antigen: something that can …
only come from … if everything is working properly
activate an immune response;
foreign substances
it’s an issue when body recognizes normal body molecules as antigens- leads to …
autoimmune disorders
things that repeat themselves (…) are not good antigens –> neither … nor …
polymers; immunogenic; reactive
haptens: bind to molecules in the body already and that combination of these two molecules coming together now becomes …
immunogen
e.g. of hapten is poison ivy - an .. that does nothing on its own, only when it binds to things on … of skin that it mounts an immune response
oil;
extracellular matrix
antigenic determinants - …
only certain … recognized on an antigen
epitopes;
epitopes;
antibodies mirror … almost exactly, which is why they’re so effective at recognizing them
antigenic determinant binding sites
must be able to instruct immune system not to … for properly functioning immune system
kill body cells
self-antigens: takes …, chops them up, and displays them through …
body proteins;
self-MHCs
B cells form
antibodies
T cells mediate a … response. physically kill …, …, …, etc.
cellular;
pathogens;
cancerous cells;
virally infected cells
T and B cells need to be told that there's a problem. not good at recognizing problems on their own. class of cells from... immune system called ... (e.g. macrophages)
innate;
antigen-presenting cells
antigen-presenting cells: will display the pathogenic material on a … to tell T and B cells to kill those pathogens when they recognize those materials
non-self MHC
each T/B cell only recognizes a …
single antigen
If T and B cells pass their tests they leave thymus/bone marrow, travel to things like lymph node
takes … for these cells to proliferate
good to recognize … but not …
days;
self-MHC;
self-antigen
…-…% of T and B cells that body makes on daily basis fails either positive/negative selection
T and B cells that positive and negative selection are …
96; 99;
naive
naive T and B cells go to lymph nodes or spleen because … passes through these
a lot of fluid
…: random gene shuffling to make receptors
gene recombination
… are major antigen presenting cells. … come in second
dendritic cells;
macrophages
dendritic cells go to lymph nodes to … B and T cells to present the pathogens to them
macrophages, though, destroy things and then …
actively seek out;
stay put
bc dendritic cells actively seek out naive cells, and macrophages don’t, dendritic cells are more effective. dendritic cells also have a lot of … that increase its …
branches; surface area
all of the branches on the dendritic cells are filled with hundreds of thousands of … being presented
antigens
live attenuated vaccines robust immune responses that last …
dead vaccines require …
an entire life;
boosters
with passive immunity you don’t develop
memory
… are artificially acquired immunity –> these are antibodies that fight against these toxins
antivenoms
… regions are the regions that actually come into contact with antigen
variable
… regions determine the class of the antibody, which influences its function
constant
IgM manufactured first when body encounters pathogens, because IgM is very effective at …
… antigen binding sockets, and … constant regions
activating complement;
10; 5
mothers provide passive immunity to children when breastfeeding through …
IgA
don’t actually know what … does
IgD
….: body stops manufacturing IgM and switches to IgG which can pass placenta (… for fetus)
marker of infection …
class switching; passive immunity; coming to an end.
