Exam 4 Lec Notes Contd

Question 1

adaptive immune system evolved to respond to .. and … pathogens

Answer 1

new; novel

Question 2

adaptive immune system doesn’t respond … There’s a …, must be …

Answer 2

right away; lag; primed

Question 3

every neutrophil is … to every other neutrophil

Answer 3

identical

Question 4

memory formed through … cells

… work through these, priming immune system if exposed to that pathogen again

Answer 4

T and B;

vaccines

Question 5

antibodies have very high

Answer 5

affinity

Question 6

antigen: something that can …

only come from … if everything is working properly

Answer 6

activate an immune response;

foreign substances

Question 7

it’s an issue when body recognizes normal body molecules as antigens- leads to …

Answer 7

autoimmune disorders

Question 8

things that repeat themselves (…) are not good antigens –> neither … nor …

Answer 8

polymers; immunogenic; reactive

Question 9

haptens: bind to molecules in the body already and that combination of these two molecules coming together now becomes …

Answer 9

immunogen

Question 10

e.g. of hapten is poison ivy - an .. that does nothing on its own, only when it binds to things on … of skin that it mounts an immune response

Answer 10

oil;

extracellular matrix

Question 11

antigenic determinants - …

only certain … recognized on an antigen

Answer 11

epitopes;

epitopes;

Question 12

antibodies mirror … almost exactly, which is why they’re so effective at recognizing them

Answer 12

antigenic determinant binding sites

Question 13

must be able to instruct immune system not to … for properly functioning immune system

Answer 13

kill body cells

Question 14

self-antigens: takes …, chops them up, and displays them through …

Answer 14

body proteins;

self-MHCs

Question 15

B cells form

Answer 15

antibodies

Question 16

T cells mediate a … response. physically kill …, …, …, etc.

Answer 16

cellular;
pathogens;
cancerous cells;
virally infected cells

Question 17

T and B cells need to be told that there's a problem. not good at recognizing problems on their own. 
class of cells from... immune system called ... (e.g. macrophages)

Answer 17

innate;

antigen-presenting cells

Question 18

antigen-presenting cells: will display the pathogenic material on a … to tell T and B cells to kill those pathogens when they recognize those materials

Answer 18

non-self MHC

Question 19

each T/B cell only recognizes a …

Answer 19

single antigen

Question 20

If T and B cells pass their tests they leave thymus/bone marrow, travel to things like lymph node
takes … for these cells to proliferate
good to recognize … but not …

Answer 20

days;
self-MHC;
self-antigen

Question 21

…-…% of T and B cells that body makes on daily basis fails either positive/negative selection
T and B cells that positive and negative selection are …

Answer 21

96; 99;

naive

Question 22

naive T and B cells go to lymph nodes or spleen because … passes through these

Answer 22

a lot of fluid

Question 23

…: random gene shuffling to make receptors

Answer 23

gene recombination

Question 24

… are major antigen presenting cells. … come in second

Answer 24

dendritic cells;

macrophages

Question 25

dendritic cells go to lymph nodes to … B and T cells to present the pathogens to them
macrophages, though, destroy things and then …

Answer 25

actively seek out;

stay put

Question 26

bc dendritic cells actively seek out naive cells, and macrophages don’t, dendritic cells are more effective. dendritic cells also have a lot of … that increase its …

Answer 26

branches; surface area

Question 27

all of the branches on the dendritic cells are filled with hundreds of thousands of … being presented

Answer 27

antigens

Question 28

live attenuated vaccines robust immune responses that last …
dead vaccines require …

Answer 28

an entire life;

boosters

Question 29

with passive immunity you don’t develop

Answer 29

memory

Question 30

… are artificially acquired immunity –> these are antibodies that fight against these toxins

Answer 30

antivenoms

Question 31

… regions are the regions that actually come into contact with antigen

Answer 31

variable

Question 32

… regions determine the class of the antibody, which influences its function

Answer 32

constant

Question 33

IgM manufactured first when body encounters pathogens, because IgM is very effective at …
… antigen binding sockets, and … constant regions

Answer 33

activating complement;

10; 5

Question 34

mothers provide passive immunity to children when breastfeeding through …

Answer 34

IgA

Question 35

don’t actually know what … does

Answer 35

IgD

Question 36

….: body stops manufacturing IgM and switches to IgG which can pass placenta (… for fetus)
marker of infection …

Answer 36

class switching; 
passive immunity; 
coming to an end.