Exam 4 Lec Notes Contd Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immune system evolved to respond to .. and … pathogens

A

new; novel

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2
Q

adaptive immune system doesn’t respond … There’s a …, must be …

A

right away; lag; primed

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3
Q

every neutrophil is … to every other neutrophil

A

identical

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4
Q

memory formed through … cells

… work through these, priming immune system if exposed to that pathogen again

A

T and B;

vaccines

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5
Q

antibodies have very high

A

affinity

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6
Q

antigen: something that can …

only come from … if everything is working properly

A

activate an immune response;

foreign substances

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7
Q

it’s an issue when body recognizes normal body molecules as antigens- leads to …

A

autoimmune disorders

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8
Q

things that repeat themselves (…) are not good antigens –> neither … nor …

A

polymers; immunogenic; reactive

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9
Q

haptens: bind to molecules in the body already and that combination of these two molecules coming together now becomes …

A

immunogen

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10
Q

e.g. of hapten is poison ivy - an .. that does nothing on its own, only when it binds to things on … of skin that it mounts an immune response

A

oil;

extracellular matrix

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11
Q

antigenic determinants - …

only certain … recognized on an antigen

A

epitopes;

epitopes;

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12
Q

antibodies mirror … almost exactly, which is why they’re so effective at recognizing them

A

antigenic determinant binding sites

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13
Q

must be able to instruct immune system not to … for properly functioning immune system

A

kill body cells

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14
Q

self-antigens: takes …, chops them up, and displays them through …

A

body proteins;

self-MHCs

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15
Q

B cells form

A

antibodies

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16
Q

T cells mediate a … response. physically kill …, …, …, etc.

A

cellular;
pathogens;
cancerous cells;
virally infected cells

17
Q
T and B cells need to be told that there's a problem. not good at recognizing problems on their own. 
class of cells from... immune system called ... (e.g. macrophages)
A

innate;

antigen-presenting cells

18
Q

antigen-presenting cells: will display the pathogenic material on a … to tell T and B cells to kill those pathogens when they recognize those materials

A

non-self MHC

19
Q

each T/B cell only recognizes a …

A

single antigen

20
Q

If T and B cells pass their tests they leave thymus/bone marrow, travel to things like lymph node
takes … for these cells to proliferate
good to recognize … but not …

A

days;
self-MHC;
self-antigen

21
Q

…-…% of T and B cells that body makes on daily basis fails either positive/negative selection
T and B cells that positive and negative selection are …

A

96; 99;

naive

22
Q

naive T and B cells go to lymph nodes or spleen because … passes through these

A

a lot of fluid

23
Q

…: random gene shuffling to make receptors

A

gene recombination

24
Q

… are major antigen presenting cells. … come in second

A

dendritic cells;

macrophages

25
Q

dendritic cells go to lymph nodes to … B and T cells to present the pathogens to them
macrophages, though, destroy things and then …

A

actively seek out;

stay put

26
Q

bc dendritic cells actively seek out naive cells, and macrophages don’t, dendritic cells are more effective. dendritic cells also have a lot of … that increase its …

A

branches; surface area

27
Q

all of the branches on the dendritic cells are filled with hundreds of thousands of … being presented

A

antigens

28
Q

live attenuated vaccines robust immune responses that last …
dead vaccines require …

A

an entire life;

boosters

29
Q

with passive immunity you don’t develop

A

memory

30
Q

… are artificially acquired immunity –> these are antibodies that fight against these toxins

A

antivenoms

31
Q

… regions are the regions that actually come into contact with antigen

A

variable

32
Q

… regions determine the class of the antibody, which influences its function

A

constant

33
Q

IgM manufactured first when body encounters pathogens, because IgM is very effective at …
… antigen binding sockets, and … constant regions

A

activating complement;

10; 5

34
Q

mothers provide passive immunity to children when breastfeeding through …

A

IgA

35
Q

don’t actually know what … does

A

IgD

36
Q

….: body stops manufacturing IgM and switches to IgG which can pass placenta (… for fetus)
marker of infection …

A
class switching; 
passive immunity; 
coming to an end.