Exam 3 Lec Notes Contd... Again

Question 1

thyroid gland: two lobes on either side of the …

Answer 1

trachea

Question 2

parafollicular cells are next to …

Answer 2

follicular cells

Question 3

thyroid hormone helps maintain proper … in adults

Answer 3

sexual function

Question 4

thyroglobulin is produced by … cells

Answer 4

follicular

Question 5

iodide is transferred from blood side of cell and brought into …

Answer 5

colloid space

Question 6

peroxidase …

Answer 6

oxidizes

Question 7

T3 and T4 are … across membrane and into bloodstream

Answer 7

exocytosed

Question 8

thyroglobulin is … –> moved through ER into …into … that are transported to the colloid lumen

Answer 8

thyroid precursor; Golgi; vesicles

Question 9

iodide is actively transported into cell and to … –> when in colloid itself, peroxidase oxidizes it to iodine, which is then attached to tyrosines that are a part of ….
If 2 iodines are attached it forms …, if 1 iodine is attached it forms …

Answer 9

colloidal lumen;
thyroglobulin;
diiodotyrosine;
monoiodotyrosine

Question 10

MIT and DIT link together in a … fashion to form T3 and T4 (2 MITs never link up though - we don’t get a …)

Answer 10

random; T2

Question 11

… in heavy amounts in bloodstream to carry thyroid hormones

Answer 11

thyroxine-binding globulins

Question 12

TRH overcomes negative feedback during pregnancy because these women need high metabolism because a lot of nutrients are needed for …

Answer 12

proper fetal development

Question 13

TRH process for cold isn’t really effective in humans - more of an animal thing
humans generate body heat by … (through …)

Answer 13

overworking skeletal muscle system; exertion

Question 14

cretinism: greatly reduced …

Answer 14

stature

Question 15

Graves’ disease: metabolism is constantly turned on, which leaves you …, unable to …, constantly …, can’t … no matter how much you eat
similar side effects people doing amphetamines
incredibly unhealthy

Answer 15

jittery; sleep; nervous; put on weight

Question 16

goiter: caused by the thyroid gland itself becoming … due to the fact that it’s desperately … –> swells to increase its … such that, even if there are trace amounts of what its looking for in the blood, it has higher chances of being able to absorb them

Answer 16

swollen;
seeking iodide;
surface area

Question 17

… is one of the diagnostic conditions that a physician can use to diagnose Graves’ disease

Answer 17

eyes bulging out of the head

Question 18

eyes bulging occurs in Graves’ because it’s an autoimmune disease in which body produces number of different antibodies, some of which bind …, causing those muscles to build up … Because orbitals of eyes are made out of bone, there’s nowhere to expand but out so eyes are getting pushed out of eye sockets

Answer 18

muscles in the eyes;

scar tissue

Question 19

in other animals, calcitonin is antagonistic to …

Answer 19

PTH

Question 20

2 types of cells in bones: … and …

Answer 20

osteoclasts; osteoblasts

Question 21

… break apart bone- digest it to free up calcium which enters bloodstream
calcitonin … this activity

Answer 21

osteoclasts

inhibits

Question 22

… follow closely behind osteoclasts and rebuild bone that was broken down
calcitonin … this activity

Answer 22

osteoblasts;

stimulates

Question 23

vitamin D increases … in the …

Answer 23

absorption of calcium;

intestines

Question 24

…. –> deformation of bones that occurs when hyperparathyroidism occurs during puberty

Answer 24

bows and bends

Question 25

… responsible for proper parathyroid cell function

Answer 25

Mg

Question 26

… during hypoparathyroidism

Answer 26

misfiring of muscles and nervous tissue

Question 27

unlike all of the other endocrine tissue we talk about, the parathyroid glands don’t have to be located on the thyroid –> parathyroid glands can “pop off” of thyroid and …, oftentimes to the …

Answer 27

travel elsewhere;

lungs

Question 28

… isn’t actually glandular tissue

Answer 28

adrenal medulla

Question 29

sodium important for regulation of … in bloodstream

Answer 29

water

Question 30

… of neural and muscular tissues can be outcome of aldosteronism

Answer 30

mis/nonfiring

Question 31

if no glucose in liver – haven’t eaten in at least … –> indicates to body that one is under stress and … is released

Answer 31

a day;

cortisol

Question 32

cortisol, like all stress hormones/steroids inhibits immune system and increases risk of …

Answer 32

opportunistic infections

Question 33

want adrenal medulla response to be brief, otherwise constant release of epi will …

Answer 33

exhaust body

Question 34

melatonin can … body system –> decreasing body temps, suppressing …

Answer 34

slow;

appetite

Question 35

in order for sugar to enter cells, there are … on plasma membrane which transport it across –> insulin works through these

Answer 35

glucose transporters

Question 36

insulin stimulates a number of metabolic processes which is why it influences …

Answer 36

neuronal development

Question 37

…. of liver, kidney, and brain is why these tissues don’t need insulin

Answer 37

hight metabolism

Question 38

insulin is all about … for … use and glucagon is for … now

Answer 38

storing energy; later;

using stored energy

Question 39

type 1 DM - …, body… in pancreas

Answer 39

autoimmune;

destroys beta cells

Question 40

Type 2 DM- body has been exposed to such high levels of sugar that body doesn’t …
…of insulin receptors occur

Answer 40

respond to insulin;

downregulation

Question 41

ketoacidosis can be fatal in … only (not normal people)

Answer 41

diabetics

Question 42

polyphagia in diabetes never leads to … because body can’t take up glucose

Answer 42

weight gain

Question 43

leptin is what allows us to know we’re … –> lack of this hormone leads to …

Answer 43

full;

overeating