Exam 3 Lec Notes Contd... Again Flashcards
thyroid gland: two lobes on either side of the …
trachea
parafollicular cells are next to …
follicular cells
thyroid hormone helps maintain proper … in adults
sexual function
thyroglobulin is produced by … cells
follicular
iodide is transferred from blood side of cell and brought into …
colloid space
peroxidase …
oxidizes
T3 and T4 are … across membrane and into bloodstream
exocytosed
thyroglobulin is … –> moved through ER into …into … that are transported to the colloid lumen
thyroid precursor; Golgi; vesicles
iodide is actively transported into cell and to … –> when in colloid itself, peroxidase oxidizes it to iodine, which is then attached to tyrosines that are a part of ….
If 2 iodines are attached it forms …, if 1 iodine is attached it forms …
colloidal lumen;
thyroglobulin;
diiodotyrosine;
monoiodotyrosine
MIT and DIT link together in a … fashion to form T3 and T4 (2 MITs never link up though - we don’t get a …)
random; T2
… in heavy amounts in bloodstream to carry thyroid hormones
thyroxine-binding globulins
TRH overcomes negative feedback during pregnancy because these women need high metabolism because a lot of nutrients are needed for …
proper fetal development
TRH process for cold isn’t really effective in humans - more of an animal thing
humans generate body heat by … (through …)
overworking skeletal muscle system; exertion
cretinism: greatly reduced …
stature
Graves’ disease: metabolism is constantly turned on, which leaves you …, unable to …, constantly …, can’t … no matter how much you eat
similar side effects people doing amphetamines
incredibly unhealthy
jittery; sleep; nervous; put on weight
goiter: caused by the thyroid gland itself becoming … due to the fact that it’s desperately … –> swells to increase its … such that, even if there are trace amounts of what its looking for in the blood, it has higher chances of being able to absorb them
swollen;
seeking iodide;
surface area
… is one of the diagnostic conditions that a physician can use to diagnose Graves’ disease
eyes bulging out of the head
eyes bulging occurs in Graves’ because it’s an autoimmune disease in which body produces number of different antibodies, some of which bind …, causing those muscles to build up … Because orbitals of eyes are made out of bone, there’s nowhere to expand but out so eyes are getting pushed out of eye sockets
muscles in the eyes;
scar tissue
in other animals, calcitonin is antagonistic to …
PTH
2 types of cells in bones: … and …
osteoclasts; osteoblasts
… break apart bone- digest it to free up calcium which enters bloodstream
calcitonin … this activity
osteoclasts
inhibits
… follow closely behind osteoclasts and rebuild bone that was broken down
calcitonin … this activity
osteoblasts;
stimulates
vitamin D increases … in the …
absorption of calcium;
intestines
…. –> deformation of bones that occurs when hyperparathyroidism occurs during puberty
bows and bends
… responsible for proper parathyroid cell function
Mg
… during hypoparathyroidism
misfiring of muscles and nervous tissue
unlike all of the other endocrine tissue we talk about, the parathyroid glands don’t have to be located on the thyroid –> parathyroid glands can “pop off” of thyroid and …, oftentimes to the …
travel elsewhere;
lungs
… isn’t actually glandular tissue
adrenal medulla
sodium important for regulation of … in bloodstream
water
… of neural and muscular tissues can be outcome of aldosteronism
mis/nonfiring
if no glucose in liver – haven’t eaten in at least … –> indicates to body that one is under stress and … is released
a day;
cortisol
cortisol, like all stress hormones/steroids inhibits immune system and increases risk of …
opportunistic infections
want adrenal medulla response to be brief, otherwise constant release of epi will …
exhaust body
melatonin can … body system –> decreasing body temps, suppressing …
slow;
appetite
in order for sugar to enter cells, there are … on plasma membrane which transport it across –> insulin works through these
glucose transporters
insulin stimulates a number of metabolic processes which is why it influences …
neuronal development
…. of liver, kidney, and brain is why these tissues don’t need insulin
hight metabolism
insulin is all about … for … use and glucagon is for … now
storing energy; later;
using stored energy
type 1 DM - …, body… in pancreas
autoimmune;
destroys beta cells
Type 2 DM- body has been exposed to such high levels of sugar that body doesn’t …
…of insulin receptors occur
respond to insulin;
downregulation
ketoacidosis can be fatal in … only (not normal people)
diabetics
polyphagia in diabetes never leads to … because body can’t take up glucose
weight gain
leptin is what allows us to know we’re … –> lack of this hormone leads to …
full;
overeating
