Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Exam 2 Info - Slides Contd > Flashcards

Exam 2 Info - Slides Contd Flashcards

1
Q

blood vessels: delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart

arteries: carry blood … heart; oxygenated except for … and …
capillaries: contact …; directly serve cellular needs
veins: carry blood … heart

A

away from; pulmonary circulation; umbilical vessels of fetus;
tissue cells;
toward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(structure of blood vessel walls) …: central blood-containing space

A

lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(structure of blood vessel walls) three wall layers in arteries and veins: …, …, and …

A

tunica intima; tunica media; tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(structure of blood vessel walls) capillaries: … with sparse …

A

endothelium; basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(tunics) tunica intima:

… lines lumen of all vessels –> continuous with .., slick surface reduces …

A

endothelium; endocardium; friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(tunics) tunica intima:

… in vessels larger than 1 mm; connective tissue basement membrane

A

subendothelial layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(tunics) tunica media:
… and sheets of …
sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control … and … of vessels –> influence blood .. and …

A

smooth muscle; elastin;
vasoconstriction; vasodilation;
flow; pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(tunics) tunica externa (tunica adventitia):
… protect and reinforce; anchor to surrounding structures
contains …, …
… of larger vessels nourishes external layer

A

collage fibers;
nerve fibers; lymphatic vessels;
vasa vasorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vessels vary in …, …, …, …

A

length; diameter; wall thickness; tissue makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(arterial system: elastic arteries) large thick-walled arteries with … in all three tunics
… and its major branches
large lumen offers …

A

elastin;
aorta;
low-resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(arterial system: elastic arteries) inactive in …

act as … - expand and recoil as blood ejected from heart – smooth pressure downstream

A

vasoconstriction;

pressure reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(arterial system: muscular arteries) … to elastic arteries – deliver blood to …
thick … with more smooth muscle
active in …

A

distal; body organs;
tunica media;
vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(arterial system: arterioles) smallest arteries
lead to …
control flow into these regions via … and …

A

capillary beds; vasodilation; vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(capillaries) microscopic blood vessels
walls of thin tunica intima –> in smallest … forms entire circumference
… help stabilize their walls and control permeability
diameter allows only … to pass at a time

A

oen cel;
pericytes;
single RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(capillaries) in all tissues except for …, …, … and … of eye

A

cartilage; epithelia; cornea; lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(capillaries) provide … to almost every cell
functions:
exchange of …, …, …, …, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid

A

direct access;

gases; nutrients; wastes; hormones;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(capillaries) three structural types:
…. capillaries
… capillaries
… capillaries (…)

A

continuous;
fenestrated;
sinusoid; sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(continuous capillaries) abundant in skin and muscles:
… connect endothelial cells
… allow passage of fluids and small solutes

A

tight junctions;

intercellular clefts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(continuous capillaries) continuous capillaries of brain unique:
tight junctions are …, forming …

A

complete; blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(fenestrated capillaries) some endothelial cells contain … (…)
more … than continuous capillaries

A

pores; fenestrations;

permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(fenestrated capillaries) function in … or … formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)

A

absorption; filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(sinusoid capillaries) fewer …; usually …; larger …; large …

A

tight junctions; fenestrated; intercellular clefts; lumens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(sinusoid capillaries) blood flow … — allows …

large molecules and blood cells pass between blood and surrounding tissues

A

sluggish; modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(sinusoid capillaries) found only in the …, …, …, …

… in lining to destroy bacteria

A

liver; bone marrow; spleen; adrenal medulla;

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

(capillary beds) microcirculation:
interwoven networks of capillaries between … and …
terminal arteriole –> …

A

arterioles; venules;

metarteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(capillary beds) microcirculation:

metarteriole continuous with … (intermediate between capillary and venule)

A

thoroughfare channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(capillary beds) thoroughfare channel –> … that drains bed

A

postcapillary venule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

(capillary beds) … (….-… channel): directly connects terminal arteriole and postcapillary venule

A

vascular shunt; metarteriole-thoroughfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(capillary beds) …: 10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed
branch off metarteriole or terminal arteriole

A

true capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

true capillaries normally branch from … and return to …

A

metarteriole; thoroughfare channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

… regulate blood flow into true capillaries – blood may go into true capillaries or to shunt
regulated by … and …

A

precapillary sphincters; local chemical conditions; vasomotor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sphincters open – blood flows through …

sphincters closed - blood flows through … channel and bypasses true capillaries

A

true capillaries;

metarteriole-thoroughfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(venules) formed when capillary beds … –> smallest postcapillary venules; very …; allow … and … into tissues
consist of … and a few …

A

unite;
porous; fluids; WBCs;
endothelium; pericytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(venules) larger venules have one or two layers of

A

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

(veins) formed when venules converge
have … walls, … lumens compared with corresponding arteries
blood pressure … than in arteries

A

thinner; larger;

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

(veins) thin …; thick … of collagen fibers and elastic networks
called … (…); contain up to 65% of blood supply

A

tunica media; tunica externa;

capacitance vessels; blood reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

(veins) adaptations ensure return of blood to heart despite low pressure:
large diameter lumens offer …
… prevent backflow of blood –> most abundant in veins of….
…: flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g. coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)

A

little resistance;
venous valves; limbs;
venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

…: volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period

A

blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

blood flow:
measured as …
equivalent to … for entire vascular system
relatively … when at rest
varies widely through individual organs, based on needs

A

ml/min;
cardiac output;
constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

blood pressure:
… per … exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
expressed in …
measured as … in large arteries near heart

A

force; unit area;
mm Hg;
systemic arterial BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

blood pressure:

… provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

A

pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

resistance (peripheral resistance): …

measure of amount of … blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (…) circulation

A

opposition to flow; friction; systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

three important sources of resistance:
blood …
total …
blood vessel …

A

viscosity;
blood vessel length;
diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

(resistance) factors that remain relatively constant:
…: the “stickiness” of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins
…

A

blood viscosity;

blood vessel length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

(resistance) increased viscosity = … resistance

longer vessel = … encountered

A

increased; greater resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

(resistance) … is greatest influence on resistance
frequent changes alter …
varies inversely with … of vessel radius

A

blood vessel diameter;
peripheral resistance;
fourth power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

(resistance) … major determinants of peripheral resistance

A

small-diameter arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

(resistance) abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from … dramatically increase resistance –> disrupt … and cause …
… equals increased resistance

A

atherosclerosis;
laminar flow; turbulent flow;
irregular fluid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

(resistance) blood flow (F) directly proportional to …

if this latter variable increases, blood flow …

A

pressure gradient (delta P); speeds up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

(resistance) blood flow inversely proportional to …
if the latter variable increases, blood flow …
F = …

A

peripheral resistance; decreases;

delta P/ R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

(resistance) R more important in influencing local blood flow because easily changed by altering …

A

blood vessel diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

systemic blood pressure:
… of heart generates blood flow
pressure results when flow is …

A

pumping action;

opposed by resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q 
systemic blood pressure: 
highest in ... 
... throughout pathway 
0 mm Hg in ... 
steepest drop occurs in ...
A

aorta;
declines;
right atrium;
arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q 
arterial blood pressure: 
reflects two factors of arteries close to heart: 
... (.../...) 
... forced into them at any time 
blood pressure near heart is ...
A

elasticity; compliance; distensibility;
volume of blood;
pulsatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

arterial blood pressure:
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in … during …
averages … mm Hg in normal adult

A

aorta; ventricular contraction; 120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

arterial blood pressure:

…: lowest level of aortic pressure

A

diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

arterial blood pressure:
… = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
throbbing of arteries (…)

A

pulse pressure;

pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

arterial blood pressure:

….: pressure that propels blood to tissues

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

59
Q

arterial blood pressure:
MAP = … + …
pulse pressure and MAP both … with increasing distance from heart

A

diastolic pressure; 1/3 pulse pressure;

decline

60
Q

capillary blood pressure:
ranges from … to … mm Hg
low capillary pressure is desirable:
high BP would … fragile, thin-walled capillaries
most very permeable, so low pressure forces filtrate into …

A

17; 35;
rupture;
interstitial spaces

61
Q

venous blood pressure:
changes … during cardiac cycle
small pressure gradient: about … mm Hg
low pressure due to cumulative effects of …
energy of blood pressure lost as … during each circuit

A

little;
15;
peripheral resistance;
heat

62
Q

(factors aiding venous return) …: contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood toward heart; valves prevent …
….: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing … as thoracic veins expand
…. under sympathetic control pushes blood toward heart

A

muscular pump; backflow;
respiratory pump; abdominal veins
venoconstriction;

63
Q

maintaining blood pressure:

requires cooperation of …, …, and … and supervision by …

A

heart; blood vessels; kidneys; brain

64
Q

main factors influencing blood pressure:
…
…
…

A 
cardiac output (CO); 
peripheral resistance (PR); 
blood volume
65
Q

maintaining blood pressure:
F = …
CO = …
delta P = …

A

delta P/R;
delta P/R;
CO * R

66
Q

maintaining blood pressure:
blood pressure = …
blood pressure varies directly with …, …, and …
changes in one variable quickly compensated for by changes in other variables

A

CO * PR (peripheral resistance);

CO; PR; blood volume

67
Q

(cardiac output) CO = …

normal: … - … L/min

A

SV (stroke volume); HR (heart rate)

5-5.5

68
Q

(cardiac output) determined by …, and … and … controls

A

venous return; neural; hormonal

69
Q

(cardiac output) resting heart rate maintained by … via …

A

cardioinhibitory center; parasympathetic vagus nerves

70
Q

(cardiac output) stroke volume controlled by

A

venous return

71
Q

(cardiac output) during stress, cardioacceleratory center increases … and … via … stimulation
… increases

A

heart rate; stroke volume; sympathetic stimulation;

MAP

72
Q

(control of blood pressure) short term … and … controls:
counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance and CO

long term … regulation: counteracts fluctuations in blood pressure by altering blood volume

A

neural; hormonal; renal

73
Q

(control of blood pressure) neural controls of peripheral resistance:
maintain MAP by altering … –> if low blood volume all vessels … except those to heart and brain
alter … to organs in response to specific demands

A

blood vessel diameter;
constricted;
blood distribution

74
Q 
(control of blood pressure) neural controls operate via ... that involve: 
... 
cardiovascular center of ... 
... to heart and vascular smooth muscle 
sometimes input from ... and higher ...
A 
reflex arcs; 
baroreceptors; 
medulla; 
vasomotor fibers; 
chemoreceptors; brain centers
75
Q

(cardiovascular center)
clusters of sympathetic neurons in medulla oversee changes in … and …
consists of … and …

A

CO; blood vessel diameter;

cardiac centers; vasomotor center

76
Q

(cardiovascular center)
vasomotor center sends steady impulses via … to blood vessels –> moderate constriction called …
receives inputs from …, …, and …

A

sympathetic efferents; vasomotor tone;

baroreceptors; chemoreceptors; higher brain centers

77
Q

baroreceptors located in:
…
…
walls of large arteries of … and …

A

carotid sinuses;
aortic arch;
neck; thorax

78
Q

increased blood pressure stimulates baroreceptors to … to …
inhibits … and … centers, causing arteriole dilation and venodilation
stimulates … center –> decreased blood pressure

A

increase input; vasomotor center;
vasomotor; cardioacceleratory;
cardioinhibitory

79
Q

decrease in blood pressure due to:
…
…
decreased …

A

arteriolar vasodilation;
venodilation;
cardiac output

80
Q

if MAP low:
reflex … –> increased … –> increased …
ex. upon standing baroreceptors of … reflex protect blood to brain; in systemic circuit as whole … reflex maintains blood pressure

A

vasoconstriction; CO; blood pressure;
carotid sinus;
aortic

81
Q

baroreceptors … if altered blood pressure sustained

A

ineffective

82
Q

… in aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in …, or drop in … or …

A

chemoreceptors; CO2; pH; O2

83
Q

chemorceptors cause increased blood pressure by:
signaling … –> increase …
signaling … –> increase …

A

cardioacceleratory center; CO;

vasomotor center; vasoconstriction

84
Q

influences of higher brain centers in maintaining BP:
reflexes in …
… and … can modify arterial pressure via relays to medulla

A

medulla;

hypothalamus; cerebral cortex

85
Q

influences of higher brain centers in maintaining BP:
… increases blood pressure during stress
hypothalamus mediates … during exercise and changes in …

A

hypothalamus;

redistribution of blood flow; body temperature

86
Q

influences of hormonal controls in maintaining BP:
short term regulation via changes in …
long term regulation via changes in ..

A

peripheral resistance; blood volume

87
Q

influences of hormonal controls in maintaining BP:
cause increased blood pressure:
… and … from adrenal gland –> increased … and …
… stimulates vasoconstriction
high … levels cause vasoconstriction

A

epi; norepi;
CO; vasoconstriction;
angiotensin II;
ADH

88
Q

influences of hormonal controls in maintaining BP:

cause lowered blood pressure:
… causes decreased blood volume by antagonizing …

A

atrial natriuretic peptide; aldosterone

89
Q

influences of renal reg in maintaining BP:
baroreceptors quickly adapt to chronic high or low BP so are ineffective
long term mechanisms control BP by altering … via …

A

blood volume; kidneys

90
Q

influences of renal reg in maintaining BP:
kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure:
… renal mechanism
… renal (…) mechanism

A

direct;

indirect; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

91
Q

direct renal mechanism
alters blood volume … of hormones:
increased BP or blood volume causes …, thus reducing BP
decreased BP/blood volume causes kidneys to …, and BP rises
also there is less … by the kidneys

A

independently; elimination of more urine; conserve water; filtration

92
Q

indirect renal mechanism:
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism:
decreased arterial blood pressure leads to release of ..,. which catalyzes conversion of … from liver to ..

A

renin;

angiotensinogen; angiotensin I

93
Q

indirect renal mechanism:

angiotensin converting enzyme, esp from lungs, converts … to …

A

angiotensin I; angiotensin II

94
Q

(functions of angiotensin II) … blood volume:
stimulates … secretion
causes … release
triggers … center

A

increases;
aldosterone;
ADH;
hypothalamic thirst

95
Q

(functions of angiotensin II) causes … directly increasing blood pressure – increased peripheral resistance

A

vasoconstriction

96
Q

(heart anatomy) approximately the size of

A

a fist

97
Q

(heart anatomy) location:
in the … between second rib and fifth intercostal space
on the superior surface of …
two thirds to the left of the …
anterior to the …, posterior to the …

A 
mediastinum; 
diaphragm; 
midsternal line; 
vertebral column; 
sternum
98
Q

(heart anatomy) heart is enclosed in …, a double walled sac

A

pericardium

99
Q

(pericardium) superficial …: protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling

A

fibrous pericardium

100
Q

(pericardium) deep two-layered …:
… layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
… layer(…) on external surface of the heart
separated by … (decreases friction)

A

serous pericardium;
parietal;
visceral; epicardium;
fluid-filled pericardial cavity

101
Q

(3 layers of the heart wall) …: visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

epicardium

102
Q

(3 layers of the heart wall) …: spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells
… of the heart: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue
anchors …
supports … and …
limits … to specific paths

A 
myocardium; 
fibrous skeleton; 
cardiac muscle fibers; 
great vessels; valves; 
spread of action potentials
103
Q

(3 layers of the heart wall) … is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

endocardium

104
Q

(chambers) four chambers:
two atria: separated internally by the …
… (…) encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

interatrial septum;

coronary sulcus; atrioventricular groove

105
Q

(chambers) two ventricles:
separated by the …
anterior and posterior … mark the position of the septum externally

A

interventricular septum;

interventricular sulci

106
Q 
(atria: the receiving chambers) walls are ridged by ... 
vessels entering right atrium: 
... 
... 
...
A

pectinate muscles;
superior vena cava;
inferior vena cava;
coronary sinus

107
Q

(atria: the receiving chambers) vessels entering left atrium:
right and left …

A

pulmonary veins

108
Q

(ventricles: the discharging chambers
…. project into the ventricular cavities
vessel leaving the right ventricle: …
vessel leaving the left ventricle: …

A

papillary muscles;
pulmonary trunk;
aorta

109
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) the heart is two side by side pumps:
right side is the pump for the … circuit: vessels that carry blood to and from the …

left side is the pump for the …
vessels that carry the blood to and from all …

A

pulmonary; lungs;

systemic; body tissues

110
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) … are where gas exchange occurs

A

capillary beds

111
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) … to … to …

beginning of right side for this one

A

right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle

112
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) continuation of right side for this one:
… to … to … to … to lungs

A

right ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary arteries

113
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) starting from lungs

lungs to … to …

A

pulmonary veins; left atrium

114
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) from left atrium to … to …

A

bicuspid valve; left ventricle

115
Q

(pathway of blood through the heart) from left ventricle to … to … to …

A

aortic semilunar valve; aorta; systemic circulation

116
Q

…: the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

A

coronary circulation

117
Q

(coronary circulation) arterial supply varies considerably and contains many … (…) among branches

A

anastomoses; junctions

118
Q

(coronary circulation) … routes provide additional routes for blood delivery

A

collateral

119
Q

(coronary circulation) arteries:

… and … (in … groove), …, …, and anterior … arteries

A

right and left coronary; atrioventricular;
marginal;
circumflex;
interventricular

120
Q

(coronary circulation) veins:
…
…
..

A

small cardiac;
anterior cardiac;
great cardiac

121
Q

(homeostatic imbalances) angina pectoris: thoracic pain
caused by a fleeting deficiency in … to the …
cells are …

A

blood delivery; myocardium; weakened

122
Q

(homeostatic imbalances) myocardial infarction (…):
prolonged …
areas of cell death are repaired with …

A

heart attack;
coronary blockage;
noncontractile scar tissue

123
Q

(heart valves) ensure … blood flow through the heart

A

unidirectional

124
Q

(heart valves) atrioventricular valves:
prevent backflow into the … when … contract
… valve (right)
… valve (left)

A

atria; ventricles;
tricuspid;
mitral

125
Q

(heart valves) … anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles

A

chordae tendineae

126
Q

(heart valves) semilunar (SL) valves:
prevent backflow into the … when … relax
… semilunar valve
… semilunar valve

A

ventricles; ventricles;
aortic;
pulmonary

127
Q

(heart valves) 1. blood returning to the heart fills atria, putting pressure against … valves, which forces them open

  1. as ventricles fill, this valve flaps hang limply into ventricles
  2. atria …, forcing additional blood into ventricles
A

Atrioventricular;

contract

128
Q

(heart valves) AV valves open; … pressure greater than … pressure

A

atrial; ventricular

129
Q

(heart valves) 1. ventricles contract, forcing blood against …

  1. … valves close
  2. … contract and chordae tendieae tighten, preventing valve flops from everting into atria
A

atrioventricular valve cusps;
atrioventricular valves;
papillary muscles

130
Q

(heart valves) AV valves closed; … pressure less than … pressure

A

atrial; ventricular

131
Q

(heart valves) as ventricles contract and … pressure rises, blood is pushed up against … valves, forcing them open
as ventricles relax and … pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the … and forcing them to close

A

intraventricular; semilunar;

intraventricular; cusps of semilunar valves

132
Q

(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) cardiac muscle cells are …, …, …, …, and …

A

striated; short; fat; branched; interconnected

133
Q

(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) … (…) connects to the fibrous skeleton

A

connective tissue matrix; endomysium

134
Q

(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) T tubules are wide but less …; SR is … than in skeletal muscle
numerous large … (25-35% of cell volume)

A

numerous; simpler;

mito

135
Q

(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) …: junctions between cells anchor cardiac cells
… prevent cells from separating during contraction
… allow ions to pass; electrically couple adjacent cells

A

intercalated discs;
desmosomes;
gap junctions

136
Q

(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) heart muscle behaves as a …

A

functional syncytium

137
Q

(indirect renal mechanism for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) decreased arterial pressure leads to inhibition of … and increased … nervous system activity, followed by … release from the kidneys

A

baroreceptors;
sympathetic NS;
renin

138
Q

(indirect renal mechanism for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) angiotensin II activates adrenal cortex and leads to secretion of … which leads to increase of … and … reabsorption by the kidneys which leads to increase in … along with the water intake from hypothalamus, lead leads to increase in arterial pressure

A

aldosterone; sodium and water;

blood volume

139
Q

(factors that increase MAP) increased activity of muscular pump and respiratory pump leads to increased … and increased … which increases … and thus increases mean arterial pressure

A

venous return; stroke volume; cardiac output

140
Q

(factors that increase MAP) decreased release of ANP increases conservation of … and … by kidneys which increases blood volume which increases venous return which increases stroke volume which increases cardiac output

A

Na+; water;

141
Q

(factors that increase MAP) fluid loss from …, excessive … leads to decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure which activates … and activates … and … centers in brain stem which increases stroke volume, heart rate, and … of blood vessels

A

hemorrhage; sweating;

baroreceptors; vasomotor; cardioacceleratory; diameter

142
Q

(factors that increase MAP)

increased …, …. (epinephrine, NE, ADH, angiotensin II)

A

vasomotor tone; bloodborne chemicals

143
Q

(factors that increase MAP) …, and high … and increased …

A

dehydration; hematocrit; body size

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions