Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Part 2 Flashcards
(adaptive defenses) adaptive immune (specific defense) system:
- protects against .. and … body cells
- amplifies … response
- activates …
infectious agents;
abnormal;
inflammatory;
complement
(adaptive defenses) 4. must be primed by … to specific foreign substance –> … takes time
initial exposure;
priming
(adaptive defenses) … - recognizes and targets specific antigens
… - not restricted to initial site
specific;
systemic
(adaptive defenses) have … - stronger attacks to “known” antigens
two separate, overlapping arms
- … (…-mediated) immunity
- … (…-mediated) immunity
memory;
humoral; antibody;
cellular;
cell
(humoral immunity) antibodies, produced by …, circulating freely in body fluids
bind temporarily to target cell
- temporarily …
- mark for destruction by … or …
lymphocytes;
inactivate;
phagocytes; complement
(cellular immunity) lymphocytes act against target cell:
directly - by … infected cells
indirectly - by releasing chemicals that …; or activating other … or ….
killing;
enhance inflammatory response;
lymphocytes; macrophages
(antigens) substances that can mobilize … and provoke an …
adaptive defenses; immune response
(antigens) targets of …
most are …, … molecules not normally found in body (…)
all adaptive immune responses;
large; complex;
nonself
(complete antigens) important functional properties:
…: ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
…: ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
immunogenicity;
reactivity
(complete antigens) examples: ... ... ... ...
foreign protein;
polysaccharides;
lipids;
nucleic acids
…: incomplete antigens; small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves
e.g.: …, …, some …
haptens;
peptides;
nucleotides;
hormones
(haptens-incomplete antigens) may be immunogenic if attached to … and combination is marked …
cause immune system to mount …
body proteins; foreign;
harmful attack
(haptens-incomplete antigens) examples: ... ... ... ...
poison ivy;
animal dander;
detergents;
cosmetics
only certain parts (…) of entire antigen are immunogenic
antigenic determinants
antigenic determinants:
… and … bind to them as enzyme binds substrate
antibodies;
lymphocyte receptors
(antigenic determinants) most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants that:
mobilize several different …
form different kinds of … against it
lymphocyte populations;
antibodies
(antigenic determinants) …, chemically … molecules (e.g. …) have little or no immunogenicity
large;
simple;
plastics
(self-antigens: MHC proteins) protein molecules (…) on surface of cells not antigenic to self but antigenic to others in … or …
self-antigens;
transfusions;
grafts
(self-antigens: MHC proteins) example: MHC glycoproteins
coded by genes of … and …
major histocompatibility complex (MHC); unique to individual
(self-antigens: MHC proteins) example: MHC glycoproteins
have groove holding … or …
lymphocytes only bind antigens on …
self- or foreign antigen;
MHC proteins
(cells of the adaptive immune system) three types of cells:
two types of lymphocytes:
… lymphocytes (… cells) - … immunity
… lymphocytes (… cells) - … immunity
B; B; humoral;
T; T; cell-mediated
(cells of the adaptive immune system) three types of cells:
… cells (APCs)
do not respond to specific …
play essential … roles in immunity
antigen-presenting cells;
antigens;
auxiliary
(lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation) give general steps:
- origin - all originate in …
- ….
- seeding … and …
red bone marrow;
maturation;
secondary lymphoid organs; circulation
(lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation)
- antigen … and …
- … and …
encounter; activation;
proliferation; differentiation
(maturation) “educated” as mature; B cells in …, T cells in …
…. - lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen by binding to it
bone marrow; thymus;
immunocompetence
(maturation) immunocompetence: B or T cells display … on surface when achieve maturity - bind …
unique receptor; only one antigen
(maturation) …: lymphocytes unresponsive to own antigens
self-tolerance
(T cells) mature in … under … and … selection pressures (“…”)
thymus;
negative; positive;
tests
(T cells) positive selection:
selects T cells capable of recognizing … (…); failures destroyed by ….
self-MHC proteins;
MHC restriction;
apoptosis
(T cells) negative selection:
prompts … of T cells that bind to self-antigens displayed by …
ensures …
apoptosis;
self-MHC;
self-tolerance
seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation:
… but still naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow
they “seed “ the … and circulate through … and …
immunocompetent;
secondary lymphoid organs;
blood; lymph
proliferation and differentiation:
activated lymphocytes proliferate (multiply) and then differentiate into … and … cells, which circulate … in the blood and lymph and throughout the secondary lymphoid organs
effector; memory;
continuously
primary lymphoid organs: … and …
secondary lymphoid organs: …, …, etc.
red bone marrow; thymus;
lymph nodes; spleen
- positive selection: recognizing self-MHC results in survival. survivors proceed to …
- negative selection: failure to recognize (…) self-antigen results in survival and continued maturation
negative selection;
bind tightly to
(b cells) B cells mature in …
positively selected if successfully ….
those that are self-reactive –> eliminated by … (…)
red bone marrow;
make antigen receptors;
apoptosis; clonal deletion
(seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation) immunocompetent B and T cells not yet exposed to antigen called …
exported from … (bone marrow and thymus) to “seed” … *lymph nodes, spleen, etc.) – increases chances of …
naive;
primary lymphoid organs;
secondary lymphoid organs;
encounter with antigen
(antigen encounter and activation) clonal selection:
naive lymphocyte’s first encounter with antigen–> selected for …
if correct signals present, lymphocyte will ….
further development;
complete its differentiation
(proliferation and differentiation) activated lymphocyte proliferates –> exact …
clones
(proliferation and differentiation) most clones –> … cells that fight infections
few remain as … cells –> able to respond to the same antigen more … second time
effector;
memory;
quickly
(proliferation and differentiation) B and T memory cells and effector T cells circulate …
continuously
(antigen receptor diversity) …, not antigens, determine which foreign substances immune system will recognize
immune cell receptors result of acquired knowledge of … likely in environment
genes;
microbes
(antigen receptor diversity) lymphocytes can make up to a … different types of antibodies
coded for by …. genes
gene segments are shuffled by …
billion;
about 25,000;
somatic recombination
(antigen-presenting cells-APCs) … antigens
present … to T cells for recognition
engulf;
fragments of antigens
(antigen-presenting cells-APCs) major types:
… cells in connective tissues and epidermis
… in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
… cells
dendritic;
macrophages;
B
(dendritic cells and macrophages) dendritic cells … pathogens, enter … to present antigens to T cells in …
phagocytize;
lymphatics;
lymph node
(dendritic cells and macrophages) dendritic cells;
most effective … known
key link between … and … immunity
antigen presenter;
innate; adaptive
(dendritic cells and macrophages) macrophages widespread in … and …
can activate …
lymphoid organs; connective tissues;
naive T cells
(dendritic cells and macrophages) present … to T cells to activate themselves into … that secrete … chemicals
antigens;
voracious phagocytes;
bactericidal
(B lymphocytes) do not …
present antigens to … to assist own activation
activate naive T cells;
helper T cell
(adaptive immunity: summary) uses …, …, and … to identify and destroy nonself substances
lymphocytes; APCs; specific molecules
(adaptive immunity: summary) depends upon ability of its cells to:
recognize … by … to them
… with one another so that whole system mounts specific response
antigens; binding;
communicate
(activation and differentiation of B cells) B cell activated when … to its surface receptors and … them
antigens bind;
cross-link
(activation and differentiation of B cells) … of cross linked antigen-receptor complexes (…) –> proliferation and differentiation into effector cells
receptor-mediated endocytosis;
clonal selection
(fate of the clones) most clone cells become … cells:
secrete specific antibodies at rate of … molecules per second for … to … days, then die
plama;
2000;
four; five
(fate of the clones) antibodies circulate in … or … –> bind to … and mark for destruction by innate or adaptive mechanisms
blood; lymph;
free antigens
(fate of the clones) clone cells that do not become plasma cells become …:
provide …
mount an immediate response to future exposures to same antigen
memory cells;
immunological memory
(fate of the clones) B lymphocytes with … remain inactive
noncomplementary receptors
… response: initial encounter with antigen
primary
(immunological memory) primary immune response:
cell proliferation and differentiation upon first antigen exposure;
… period: …-… days
lag; 3-6
(immunological memory) primary immune response:
peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in … days
antibody levels then …
10;
decline
(immunological memory) secondary immune response:
re-exposure to same antigen gives …, more …, more … response
faster;
prolonged;
effective
(immunological memory) secondary immune response:
sensitized memory cells respond within ….
antibody levels peak in … to … days at much higher levels
antibodies bind with greater …
antibody level can remain high for … to …
hours;
two; three;
affinity;
weeks; months
secondary response:
clone of cells identical to … cells
ancestral
plasma cells are … B cells
effector
….: when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
active humoral immunity
(active humoral immunity) two types of active humoral immunity:
… acquired - response to … or … infection
naturally; bacteria; viral
(active humoral immunity)
… acquired - response to … of … or … pathogens
artificially;
vaccine; dead; attenuated
(active humoral immunity) vaccines:
most of … or … pathogens
spare us … of primary response
dead; attenuated;
symptoms
(active humoral immunity) vaccines:
provide … that are immunogenic and reactive
can cause …; can cause … –> “…” and … help prevent
antigenic determinants;
illness trying to vaccinate against;
allergic responses;
naked DNA; oral vaccines
(passive humoral immunity) … introduced into body
B cells are not … by antigens
… does not occur
protection ends when …
readymade antibodies;
challenged;
immunological memory;
antibodies degrade
(passive humoral immunity)
two types:
… acquired - antibodies delivered to … via … or to infant through …
naturally;
fetus; placenta;
milk
(passive humoral immunity) two types:
2. … acquired - injection of … such as … –> protection immediate but ends when antibodies … in body
artificially;
serum;
gamma globulin;
naturally degrade
(antibodies) … - … portion of blood
immunoglobulins;
gamma globulin
(antibodies) proteins secreted by …
capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by …
grouped into one of five … classes
plasma cells;
B cells;
Ig
(Basic antibody structure) … or … shaped antibody … of four looping … linked by …. bonds
T- or Y-shaped;
monomer;
polypeptide chains;
disulfide
(Basic antibody structure) two identical … chains with hinge region at ….
two identical … chains
heavy (H); “middles”
light (L)
(Basic antibody structure) … regions at one end of each arm combine to form two identical …
variable (V);
antigen-binding sites
(Basic antibody structure) … (C) regions of stem
determine antibody … (…, …, …, …, or …)
constant; class; IgM; IgA; IgD; IgG; IgE
(Basic antibody structure) constant regions of stem: serve common functions in all antibodies by dictating: .... and ... that antibody can bind how antibody class functions to ...
cells; chemicals;
eliminate antigens
(classes of antibodies) IgM:
… (larger than others); … antibody released
potent … agent
readily fixes and activates …
pentamer; first;
agglutinating
complement
(classes of antibodies) IgA (… IgA);
… or …; in … and other secretion
helps … of pathogens
secretory;
monomer; dimer;
mucus
prevent entry
(classes of antibodies) IgM: first immunoglobulin class secreted by plasma cells during the ... response (diagnostically useful because presence of IgM in plasma usually indicates ... by the pathogen eliciting IgM's formation)
primary;
current infection
(classes of antibodies) IgM:
exists in … and … forms
monomer; pentamer
(classes of antibodies) IgM:
the monomer serves as an … on the B cell surface
the pentamer …
antigen receptor;
circulates in blood plasma
(classes of antibodies) IgM:
numerous … sites make it a potent … agent
antigen-binding;’
agglutinating
(classes of antibodies) IgA
found in body secretions such as …, …, …, and …
saliva;
sweat;
intestinal juice;
milk
(classes of antibodies) secretory IgA helps stop pathogens from attaching to … (including … membranes and the …)
the monomer exists in … amounts in plasma
epithelial cell surfaces;
mucous;
epidermis;
limited
(classes of antibodies) IgD:
monomer attached to … of B cells
functions as …
surface;
B cell receptor
(classes of antibodies) IgG:
…; …-…% of antibodies in plasma
from … and … responses
crosses …
monomer; 75-85;
secondary; late primary;
placental barrier
(classes of antibodies) IgE:
monomer active in some … and … infections
causes … cells and … to release …
allergies; parasitic;
mast; basophils;
histamine
(classes of antibodies) B cells can switch antibody classes but retain …
… at first; then …
almost all secondary responses are …
antigen specificity;
IgM; IgG;
IgG
(classes of antibodies) igG:
protects against …, …, and … circulating in blood and lymph
crosses the placenta and confers … from the mother to fetus
bacteria; viruses; toxins;
passive immunity
(classes of antibodies) igE:
stem end binds to … or ….
secreted by plasma cells in …, … of the … and … tracts, and …
mast cells; basophils; skin; mucosae; gastrointestinal; respiratory; tonsils
(classes of antibodies) only … of IgE are found in plasma
levels of IgE rise during severe … attacks or chronic … infections of the … tract
traces;
allergic;
parasitic;
gastrointestinal