Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

(adaptive defenses) adaptive immune (specific defense) system:

  1. protects against .. and … body cells
  2. amplifies … response
  3. activates …
A

infectious agents;
abnormal;
inflammatory;
complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(adaptive defenses) 4. must be primed by … to specific foreign substance –> … takes time

A

initial exposure;

priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(adaptive defenses) … - recognizes and targets specific antigens
… - not restricted to initial site

A

specific;

systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(adaptive defenses) have … - stronger attacks to “known” antigens
two separate, overlapping arms
- … (…-mediated) immunity
- … (…-mediated) immunity

A

memory;
humoral; antibody;
cellular;
cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(humoral immunity) antibodies, produced by …, circulating freely in body fluids
bind temporarily to target cell
- temporarily …
- mark for destruction by … or …

A

lymphocytes;
inactivate;
phagocytes; complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(cellular immunity) lymphocytes act against target cell:
directly - by … infected cells
indirectly - by releasing chemicals that …; or activating other … or ….

A

killing;
enhance inflammatory response;
lymphocytes; macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(antigens) substances that can mobilize … and provoke an …

A

adaptive defenses; immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(antigens) targets of …

most are …, … molecules not normally found in body (…)

A

all adaptive immune responses;
large; complex;
nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(complete antigens) important functional properties:
…: ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
…: ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

A

immunogenicity;

reactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
(complete antigens) examples: 
... 
... 
... 
...
A

foreign protein;
polysaccharides;
lipids;
nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

…: incomplete antigens; small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves
e.g.: …, …, some …

A

haptens;
peptides;
nucleotides;
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(haptens-incomplete antigens) may be immunogenic if attached to … and combination is marked …
cause immune system to mount …

A

body proteins; foreign;

harmful attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
(haptens-incomplete antigens) examples: 
... 
... 
... 
...
A

poison ivy;
animal dander;
detergents;
cosmetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

only certain parts (…) of entire antigen are immunogenic

A

antigenic determinants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

antigenic determinants:

… and … bind to them as enzyme binds substrate

A

antibodies;

lymphocyte receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(antigenic determinants) most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants that:
mobilize several different …
form different kinds of … against it

A

lymphocyte populations;

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(antigenic determinants) …, chemically … molecules (e.g. …) have little or no immunogenicity

A

large;
simple;
plastics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(self-antigens: MHC proteins) protein molecules (…) on surface of cells not antigenic to self but antigenic to others in … or …

A

self-antigens;
transfusions;
grafts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(self-antigens: MHC proteins) example: MHC glycoproteins

coded by genes of … and …

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC); unique to individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(self-antigens: MHC proteins) example: MHC glycoproteins
have groove holding … or …
lymphocytes only bind antigens on …

A

self- or foreign antigen;

MHC proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(cells of the adaptive immune system) three types of cells:
two types of lymphocytes:
… lymphocytes (… cells) - … immunity
… lymphocytes (… cells) - … immunity

A

B; B; humoral;

T; T; cell-mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(cells of the adaptive immune system) three types of cells:
… cells (APCs)
do not respond to specific …
play essential … roles in immunity

A

antigen-presenting cells;
antigens;
auxiliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation) give general steps:

  1. origin - all originate in …
  2. ….
  3. seeding … and …
A

red bone marrow;
maturation;
secondary lymphoid organs; circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation)

  1. antigen … and …
  2. … and …
A

encounter; activation;

proliferation; differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

(maturation) “educated” as mature; B cells in …, T cells in …
…. - lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen by binding to it

A

bone marrow; thymus;

immunocompetence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(maturation) immunocompetence: B or T cells display … on surface when achieve maturity - bind …

A

unique receptor; only one antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(maturation) …: lymphocytes unresponsive to own antigens

A

self-tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

(T cells) mature in … under … and … selection pressures (“…”)

A

thymus;
negative; positive;
tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(T cells) positive selection:

selects T cells capable of recognizing … (…); failures destroyed by ….

A

self-MHC proteins;
MHC restriction;
apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(T cells) negative selection:
prompts … of T cells that bind to self-antigens displayed by …
ensures …

A

apoptosis;
self-MHC;
self-tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation:
… but still naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow
they “seed “ the … and circulate through … and …

A

immunocompetent;
secondary lymphoid organs;
blood; lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

proliferation and differentiation:
activated lymphocytes proliferate (multiply) and then differentiate into … and … cells, which circulate … in the blood and lymph and throughout the secondary lymphoid organs

A

effector; memory;

continuously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

primary lymphoid organs: … and …

secondary lymphoid organs: …, …, etc.

A

red bone marrow; thymus;

lymph nodes; spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  1. positive selection: recognizing self-MHC results in survival. survivors proceed to …
  2. negative selection: failure to recognize (…) self-antigen results in survival and continued maturation
A

negative selection;

bind tightly to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

(b cells) B cells mature in …
positively selected if successfully ….
those that are self-reactive –> eliminated by … (…)

A

red bone marrow;
make antigen receptors;
apoptosis; clonal deletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

(seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation) immunocompetent B and T cells not yet exposed to antigen called …
exported from … (bone marrow and thymus) to “seed” … *lymph nodes, spleen, etc.) – increases chances of …

A

naive;
primary lymphoid organs;
secondary lymphoid organs;
encounter with antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

(antigen encounter and activation) clonal selection:
naive lymphocyte’s first encounter with antigen–> selected for …
if correct signals present, lymphocyte will ….

A

further development;

complete its differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

(proliferation and differentiation) activated lymphocyte proliferates –> exact …

39
Q

(proliferation and differentiation) most clones –> … cells that fight infections
few remain as … cells –> able to respond to the same antigen more … second time

A

effector;
memory;
quickly

40
Q

(proliferation and differentiation) B and T memory cells and effector T cells circulate …

A

continuously

41
Q

(antigen receptor diversity) …, not antigens, determine which foreign substances immune system will recognize
immune cell receptors result of acquired knowledge of … likely in environment

A

genes;

microbes

42
Q

(antigen receptor diversity) lymphocytes can make up to a … different types of antibodies
coded for by …. genes
gene segments are shuffled by …

A

billion;
about 25,000;
somatic recombination

43
Q

(antigen-presenting cells-APCs) … antigens

present … to T cells for recognition

A

engulf;

fragments of antigens

44
Q

(antigen-presenting cells-APCs) major types:
… cells in connective tissues and epidermis
… in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
… cells

A

dendritic;
macrophages;
B

45
Q

(dendritic cells and macrophages) dendritic cells … pathogens, enter … to present antigens to T cells in …

A

phagocytize;
lymphatics;
lymph node

46
Q

(dendritic cells and macrophages) dendritic cells;
most effective … known
key link between … and … immunity

A

antigen presenter;

innate; adaptive

47
Q

(dendritic cells and macrophages) macrophages widespread in … and …
can activate …

A

lymphoid organs; connective tissues;

naive T cells

48
Q

(dendritic cells and macrophages) present … to T cells to activate themselves into … that secrete … chemicals

A

antigens;
voracious phagocytes;
bactericidal

49
Q

(B lymphocytes) do not …

present antigens to … to assist own activation

A

activate naive T cells;

helper T cell

50
Q

(adaptive immunity: summary) uses …, …, and … to identify and destroy nonself substances

A

lymphocytes; APCs; specific molecules

51
Q

(adaptive immunity: summary) depends upon ability of its cells to:
recognize … by … to them
… with one another so that whole system mounts specific response

A

antigens; binding;

communicate

52
Q

(activation and differentiation of B cells) B cell activated when … to its surface receptors and … them

A

antigens bind;

cross-link

53
Q

(activation and differentiation of B cells) … of cross linked antigen-receptor complexes (…) –> proliferation and differentiation into effector cells

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis;

clonal selection

54
Q

(fate of the clones) most clone cells become … cells:

secrete specific antibodies at rate of … molecules per second for … to … days, then die

A

plama;
2000;
four; five

55
Q

(fate of the clones) antibodies circulate in … or … –> bind to … and mark for destruction by innate or adaptive mechanisms

A

blood; lymph;

free antigens

56
Q

(fate of the clones) clone cells that do not become plasma cells become …:
provide …
mount an immediate response to future exposures to same antigen

A

memory cells;

immunological memory

57
Q

(fate of the clones) B lymphocytes with … remain inactive

A

noncomplementary receptors

58
Q

… response: initial encounter with antigen

59
Q

(immunological memory) primary immune response:
cell proliferation and differentiation upon first antigen exposure;
… period: …-… days

60
Q

(immunological memory) primary immune response:
peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in … days
antibody levels then …

A

10;

decline

61
Q

(immunological memory) secondary immune response:

re-exposure to same antigen gives …, more …, more … response

A

faster;
prolonged;
effective

62
Q

(immunological memory) secondary immune response:
sensitized memory cells respond within ….
antibody levels peak in … to … days at much higher levels
antibodies bind with greater …
antibody level can remain high for … to …

A

hours;
two; three;
affinity;
weeks; months

63
Q

secondary response:

clone of cells identical to … cells

64
Q

plasma cells are … B cells

65
Q

….: when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them

A

active humoral immunity

66
Q

(active humoral immunity) two types of active humoral immunity:
… acquired - response to … or … infection

A

naturally; bacteria; viral

67
Q

(active humoral immunity)

… acquired - response to … of … or … pathogens

A

artificially;

vaccine; dead; attenuated

68
Q

(active humoral immunity) vaccines:
most of … or … pathogens
spare us … of primary response

A

dead; attenuated;

symptoms

69
Q

(active humoral immunity) vaccines:
provide … that are immunogenic and reactive
can cause …; can cause … –> “…” and … help prevent

A

antigenic determinants;
illness trying to vaccinate against;
allergic responses;
naked DNA; oral vaccines

70
Q

(passive humoral immunity) … introduced into body
B cells are not … by antigens
… does not occur
protection ends when …

A

readymade antibodies;
challenged;
immunological memory;
antibodies degrade

71
Q

(passive humoral immunity)
two types:
… acquired - antibodies delivered to … via … or to infant through …

A

naturally;
fetus; placenta;
milk

72
Q

(passive humoral immunity) two types:

2. … acquired - injection of … such as … –> protection immediate but ends when antibodies … in body

A

artificially;
serum;
gamma globulin;
naturally degrade

73
Q

(antibodies) … - … portion of blood

A

immunoglobulins;

gamma globulin

74
Q

(antibodies) proteins secreted by …
capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by …
grouped into one of five … classes

A

plasma cells;
B cells;
Ig

75
Q

(Basic antibody structure) … or … shaped antibody … of four looping … linked by …. bonds

A

T- or Y-shaped;
monomer;
polypeptide chains;
disulfide

76
Q

(Basic antibody structure) two identical … chains with hinge region at ….
two identical … chains

A

heavy (H); “middles”

light (L)

77
Q

(Basic antibody structure) … regions at one end of each arm combine to form two identical …

A

variable (V);

antigen-binding sites

78
Q

(Basic antibody structure) … (C) regions of stem

determine antibody … (…, …, …, …, or …)

A 
constant; 
class; 
IgM; 
IgA; 
IgD; 
IgG; 
IgE
79
Q 
(Basic antibody structure) constant regions of stem: 
serve common functions in all antibodies by dictating: 
.... and ... that antibody can bind 
how antibody class functions to ...
A

cells; chemicals;

eliminate antigens

80
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgM:
… (larger than others); … antibody released
potent … agent
readily fixes and activates …

A

pentamer; first;
agglutinating
complement

81
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgA (… IgA);
… or …; in … and other secretion
helps … of pathogens

A

secretory;
monomer; dimer;
mucus
prevent entry

82
Q 
(classes of antibodies) IgM: 
first immunoglobulin class secreted by plasma cells during the ... response (diagnostically useful because presence of IgM in plasma usually indicates ... by the pathogen eliciting IgM's formation)
A

primary;

current infection

83
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgM:

exists in … and … forms

A

monomer; pentamer

84
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgM:
the monomer serves as an … on the B cell surface
the pentamer …

A

antigen receptor;

circulates in blood plasma

85
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgM:

numerous … sites make it a potent … agent

A

antigen-binding;’

agglutinating

86
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgA

found in body secretions such as …, …, …, and …

A

saliva;
sweat;
intestinal juice;
milk

87
Q

(classes of antibodies) secretory IgA helps stop pathogens from attaching to … (including … membranes and the …)
the monomer exists in … amounts in plasma

A

epithelial cell surfaces;
mucous;
epidermis;
limited

88
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgD:
monomer attached to … of B cells
functions as …

A

surface;

B cell receptor

89
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgG:
…; …-…% of antibodies in plasma
from … and … responses
crosses …

A

monomer; 75-85;
secondary; late primary;
placental barrier

90
Q

(classes of antibodies) IgE:
monomer active in some … and … infections
causes … cells and … to release …

A

allergies; parasitic;
mast; basophils;
histamine

91
Q

(classes of antibodies) B cells can switch antibody classes but retain …
… at first; then …
almost all secondary responses are …

A

antigen specificity;
IgM; IgG;
IgG

92
Q

(classes of antibodies) igG:
protects against …, …, and … circulating in blood and lymph
crosses the placenta and confers … from the mother to fetus

A

bacteria; viruses; toxins;

passive immunity

93
Q

(classes of antibodies) igE:
stem end binds to … or ….
secreted by plasma cells in …, … of the … and … tracts, and …

A 
mast cells; basophils; 
skin; 
mucosae; 
gastrointestinal; respiratory; 
tonsils
94
Q

(classes of antibodies) only … of IgE are found in plasma

levels of IgE rise during severe … attacks or chronic … infections of the … tract

A

traces;
allergic;
parasitic;
gastrointestinal

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions