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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 1 Info - Lecture Notes Contd > Flashcards

Exam 1 Info - Lecture Notes Contd Flashcards

1
Q

… vs. … post synaptic potentials

A

excitatory; inhibitory

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2
Q

…: multiple synapses firing at the exact same time

A

spatial summation

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3
Q

…: same neuron and rapid fire signaling

A

temporal summation

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4
Q

…: increased number of neurons in just one location

A

cephalization

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5
Q

tendency for neurons to become concentrated at end of developing body - …
as development increase, …/… end of neural tube “balloons”

A

neural tube;

anterior; rostral

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6
Q

anterior end of neural tube develops into … - most advanced thinking, executive functions, etc. occurs here

in middle of neural tube … develops - advanced unconscious functions (i.e. breathing, heartrate, body temps, etc)

at most posterior portion the … develops - cerebellum, more reptilian portion of the brain - …

A

forebrain;
midbrain;
hindbrain; instinct

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7
Q

from most anterior portion there are two more functional classifications: … and …

A

telencephalon; diencephalon

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8
Q

telencephalon: forms … of the brain - where most neurons in brain are located
“wrinklier” brain = more …
more cognitively developed an organism is, the more … the brain is

A

two major hemispheres; neurons; folds

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9
Q

midbrain (mesencephalon) doesn’t … - brain stem

A

divide

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10
Q

metencephalon –> brain stem (pons) + cerebellum - … movements develop through cerebellum;
cerebellum creates … - typically … process

A

refined;
central pattern generators;
unconscious

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11
Q

myelencephalon –> medulla of brainstem - more … tendencies, …/…, etc

A

animalistic; anger; aggression

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12
Q

brain folds in on itself via … which reduce size of brain substantially

A

flexures

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13
Q

… are most developed part of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

central cavity seen throughout brain from most rostral part of brain through to …
lined by … and large amount of … followed by another concentrated bundle of … lining cortex

A

spinal cord;
gray matter;
white matter;
gray matter

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15
Q

CSF prevents damage due to … - CSF is shock absorber

A

movement of head

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16
Q

… of brain form in the same way as the brain itself

A

ventricles

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17
Q

folds of brain increases … - allows for more … and thus more …

A

SA; neurons; complexity

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18
Q

… lobe: visual cortex
… lobe: language
… lobe: executive decision-making

A

occipital;
temporal;
frontal

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19
Q

circulatory system resides in spaces between … and … in brain

A

gyri; sulci

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20
Q

most neurons in the brain in the …, despite the fact that cortex is very thin

A

cerebral cortex

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21
Q

…: right side of brain controls left side of body, left side of brain controls right side of body

A

contralateral connections

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22
Q

… areas: multiple pieces of info from other parts of brain being put together here to create deeper/complex associations - gives context to … and …

A

association; movement; perception

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23
Q

… area: responsible for … but not for speech –> if damaged, can speak but have difficulty understanding what other people say

A

wernicke’s; language;

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24
Q

… area: responsible for speech

if damaged, lose ability to speak but still have ability to understand …

A

broca’s; written language

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25
Q

primary motor cortex has … neurons - responsible for conscious, precise voluntary movement
learning … task - stored here - tasks that require …
only repetitive things that you don’t think about are in …

A

pyramidal;
really detailed; concentration;
cerebellum

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26
Q

premotor cortex immediately in front of … - communicates with …
also communicates with part of brain that delivers … info –> allows for refinement of movement based on …

A

primary motor cortex; primary motor cortex; sensory; new info

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27
Q

frontal eye field responsible for …

“huge” amount of …

A

coordinated eye movement; innervation

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28
Q

somatosensory association cortex allows us to refine signals we’re receiving and gives them …
without this, all sensation would be ..

A

context; “raw data”

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29
Q

striate cortex –> …

has … pattern

A

primary visual cortex; banded

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30
Q

visual association area tells the individual …
if this is damaged its basically like being blind with the ability to see
highly developed in blind people - can discriminate location via …

A

what they’re seeing; other senses

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31
Q

primary auditory cortex receives basic auditory info - …, …, etc

A

location; pitch

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32
Q

auditory association area associates …, …, more detailed info with sound
… sense is primary sensation for remembering things as far back as possible

A

memories; emotions;

olfactory

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33
Q

…: perceive what’s occurring in guts

…: perceiving where you are in 3D space

A

visceral sensory area;

vestibular cortex

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34
Q

limbic system:
extends from … into …
contains portions of … and higher order functions of … as well

A

forebrain; brainstem;

reptilian brain; cerebral cortex

35
Q

olfactory sense initiates … response very quickly and can trigger memories of ..

A

emotional; emotional responses

36
Q

limbic system is responsible for … which is why it is both so old and so new:
reptilian- ..,. …, …, etc
new- …, etc

A

emotion;
aggression; anger; annoyance;
empathy

37
Q

amygdala: processing .. info related to … - recognizing fearful things and seeing those expressions on other people (e.g. when someone is maddened)

A

visual; fear

38
Q

amygdala:
helps assess danger and if it recognizes that danger, helps initiate response appropriate to …
amygdalic lesions is incredibly dangerous: fear acts as … measure
bilateral amygdalic lesions must be monitored constantly, otherwise will do stupid things –> inhibits understanding of any …

A

level of danger;
preventitive;
consequences

39
Q

people with damage to amygdala also don’t have …
amygdala develops at different speeds in men vs women, almost fully formed before women …, but for men it takes way longer (surprise surprise)

A

social fears;

finish puberty

40
Q

cingulate gyrus helps translate how we feel both through … and …

A

facial and gestural expression

41
Q

cingulate gyrus:
lesions to this area of the brain is cause of … - no … expression
also helps resolve … resulting from emotional things with other people

A

flat affect; emotional;

mental conflicts

42
Q

cingulate gyrus:

emotions add “flavor” to sensations –> give sensations .. beyond simply …

A

meaning; raw sensory data

43
Q

… can communicate with limbic system to be consciously aware of emotions, which helps … emotions

A

prefrontal cortex; control

44
Q

hippocampus: seahorse; responsible for moving memory from … to … storage
still not entirely sure what this means, bc we don’t know where memories are ultimately stored

A

short term; long term

45
Q

hippocampus:
capable of … for short amounts of time in hippocampus and then it goes somewhere else for long term storage
lesions in hippocampus: unable to form any type of new … for bilateral lesions –> can form new types of memory that aren’t encoded by the hippocampus though

A

memory discrimination; episodic memory

46
Q

reticular formation: … and … that pass through brainstem
these extend … throughout most of the rest of the brain –> send far flung … to entire rest of the brain

A

3 broad and long; axons; axonal connections

47
Q

reticular activating system –> keeps cerebral cortex conscious and alert
default state for brain is to be in a …
helps filter out … and … signals –> otherwise would be aware of every sensation one’s having constantly; around … mins after a signal has been present, it tones it out

A

coma;
weak; repetitive;
4-6

48
Q

reticular activating system:
severe injury to this area yields …
coordinate … functions
projections to cerebellum help control … movements
regulates … motor movements (e.g. peristalsis)
keeps heart beating and maintains breathing

A

irreversible coma;
motor;
coarse;
visceral

49
Q

brain activity measured through electroencephalogram (EEG):

measures differences … –> different patterns of activity depending on …

A

in neuronal firing patterns; brain region

50
Q

4 general brain wave patterns:
alpha- short, regular, … patterns that are generated by …, … brain
beta- … frequency of alpha, actively concentrating on something –> performing particular task or focusing on learning a task
theta waves –> short, … rhythms; common in …; irregular; uncommon in adults
delta waves –> extremely … waves; … amplitude; present in very deep sleep or when … is dampened, during anesthesia or if patient has been … and has suffered brain damage

A

rhythmic; relaxed conscious;
double;
slower; children;
slow; high; reticular activating system; hypoxic

51
Q 
brain waves increase up to a point 
EEGs can help ... to different parts of brain 
flat EEG (no brain waves) = ...
A

locate damage;

dead

52
Q

(epilepsy) brain loses control of its …
may result in unconsciousness
… of the body
uncoordinated, uncontrollable jerking of the body
no impact on the … state of those suffering from it

A

firing pattern;
stiffening;
intellectual

53
Q

(epilepsy) … (absence seizures) –> seen in children with certain types of epilepsy; expression goes …, … ceases for short period of time
not painful, but can happen frequently
not typically dangerous

A

petit mal;

blank; movement

54
Q

(epilepsy) … (tonic-clonic) seizures: complete loss of consciousness, …, etc.
potentially life-threatening
anticonvulsive drugs can control epilepsy
vagal nerve stimulation can control epilepsy –> implanting … on chest

A

grand mal; incontinence;

small electrode

55
Q

there is a type of seizure that occurs when hemispheres …, which can be cured by ….
two distinct … residing in either side of the brain

A

communicate too much; cutting their corpus collosum; personalities

56
Q

consciousness:
perception of …
voluntary …and … of movement

A

sensation;

initiation; control

57
Q

4 different levels of loss of consciousness:
alertness
drowsiness (lethargy)
stupor: difficult to rouse; semi-…; even for long periods of time; not forming sentences, etc
coma: no … whatsoever

A

alert;

perception

58
Q

sleep:
state of either full or partial …
two major types: REM and NREM
REM vital for … to be maintained

A

unconsciousness;

consciousness

59
Q

(sleep) first 30-45 mins, … of NREM; then in about 90 mins, … sleep begins
believed that dreaming occurs in REM

A

two stages; REM

60
Q

(sleep) NREM stage 1: starting to relax, moving from … to … waves (overthinking prevents this), easy to wake up

NREM stage 2: … brain wave patterns; more difficult to wave

A

beta; alpha; irregular

61
Q

(sleep) NREM stage 3: … waves; … and … slows; difficult to arouse
NREM stage 4: total … waves; arousal is extremely difficult; patterns abruptly change to … pattern at some point

A

delta; heartrate; breathing;

delta; REM

62
Q

(sleep) REM and awake patterns are extremely

A

similar

63
Q

certain connections cut off during sleeping - essential bc if brain were to communicate with motor cortex while sleeping, you could act out dreams
… inhibited, otherwise you act out what you’re dreaming about

A

RAS (reticular activation system)

64
Q

Hypothalamic neurons create… which are released by neurons that act as chemical signal to wake up; have to continually be manufactured; causes brain stem neurons in the … to fire very fast and stimulate neurons in cortex to wake up
Orexins produced in cycles – part of …; but when waking up, it’s a “massive dump”

A

orexins; reticular formation; circadian rhythm`

65
Q

… or .. cycles of REM in avg 8 hrs of sleep

A

3; 4

66
Q

as age increases, … sleep declines

A

stage 4

67
Q

REM is necessary for … because those deprived of REM but have all other stages of sleep do extremely poorly on memory tests

A

consolidation of memory;

68
Q

REM substantial for maintaining …

A

good mood

69
Q

Sleep disorders:
o…: completely stop telling conscious mind to be awake and instantly fall asleep – abruptly
oSleep apnea:
…: alterations in soft palate in mouth, difficulty breathing
…: reticular activating system forgets to tell your lungs to breathe
o Insomnia:
Congenital disorder: … –> lose ability to fall asleep somewhere between age of 30-50
• Over course between 6 months – 2 years: lose contact with reality, become…, and eventually die due to complications from not sleeping

A

Narcolepsy;
obstructive; central;
fatal familial insomnia;
psychotic

70
Q

…: very short intervals of time where you’re awake, but for a fraction of each second, brain jumps into very short bouts of REM

A

microsleep

71
Q

language:
…
… area
… area
responsible for analyzing … language and producing … and … structures
corresponding areas on right side of brain not involved in … in verbal language

A 
basal nuclei; 
broca's; 
wernicke's; 
incoming; outgoing sounds and grammatical structures; 
language consolidation
72
Q

…arousal can consolidate memory, as can … and …, and … of old and new information

… memory: subconscious info stored in LTM

A

emotional; rehearsal; excitation; association;

automatic;

73
Q

o Declarative memory: factual memory –> Explicit info, related to our… and ability to recognize the …, stored in LTM in the context with which it Is learned
o Nondeclarative memory: unconscious/less conscious –> E.g. learning to ride a bike;… memory, … memory (muscle memory) and … memory

A

consciousness; language; Procedural; motor; emotional

74
Q
  • Brain structures involved in declarative memory:
    o…
    o … in basal forebrain –> .. neurons in basal forebrain, if damaged, makes memory … impossible
A

Hippocampus; Ach; cholinergic; retrieval

75
Q

Declarative memory circuits:
o Sensory input goes to an… cortex which communicates with …(hippocampus, etc), which communicates with and gives “reference and flavor” to… cortex; info goes to… and … and memory is formed in thalamus

A

association; medial temporal lobe; prefrontal; thalamus; basal forebrain

76
Q 
Brain structures in nondeclarative: 
o...
o... from --> these neurons are those that are lost in parkinson’s--> these neurons grants ability to consciously control movement 
oMotor memory/muscle memory –... 
o... --> emotional memory
A

Basal nuclei; Dopamine; substantia nigra; cerebellum;

amygdala

77
Q

-Procedural circuit: … to … to …to … to … –> no … involved; communicating directly with basal nuclei and thalamus; involving … circuits here rather than … circuits, which is why these memories aren’t accessible …
o This is why damage to hippocampus doesn’t create deficits to procedural memory

A

sensory; association; basal nuclei; thalamus; premotor cortex; forebrain; emotional; consciousness; consciously;

78
Q

During learning:
o… is necessary to form memories –> producing proteins that are somehow involved in memory consolidation
o …
o… shape alterations associated with learning deficits

A

mRNA; synaptic spines; dendritic spine;

79
Q

during learning:
o during LTM formation, certain synapses are strengthened – concentrating more…at synapses used all the time
 number and size of… tends to increase
 also done by releasing more… in presynaptic neuron
 increase is called … –> potentiating effectiveness of synapse
• involves…, which opens calcium channels in post synaptic neuron –> more activation

A

synaptic vesicles ; terminals; neurotransmitters; long term potentiation; glutamate;

80
Q

-calcium will trigger enzymatic cascades, binds to …, activates …, will lead to formation of …
o BDNF increases with .. activity and with exercise –> Better …

A

calmodulin; CREB; BDNF; neuronal; exercise; memory recall

81
Q 
-Blood-brain barrier: 
o Maintains stable enviro for brain 
o Astrocyte feet telling endothelial cells to maintain ...
o... 
o... can get in
A

tight junctions;

Selective; small molecules;

82
Q

-Traumatic brain injuries:
o Subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage can lead to …
o Cerebral edema can occur due to … or …

A

severe swelling; infection; injury

83
Q

-Cerebrovascular accidents/strokes:
o Can be… episodes
o TPA can help inhibit … and maintain bloodflow to prevent formation of … in brain

A

temporary; blood clotting; plaques

84
Q
  • Alzheimer’s not a …, likely combination of several diseases that have similar impacts
  • Huntington’s: slow decline of …
A

single disease;

cognitive function

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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