Exam 1 Info - Lecture Notes Contd Flashcards
… vs. … post synaptic potentials
excitatory; inhibitory
…: multiple synapses firing at the exact same time
spatial summation
…: same neuron and rapid fire signaling
temporal summation
…: increased number of neurons in just one location
cephalization
tendency for neurons to become concentrated at end of developing body - …
as development increase, …/… end of neural tube “balloons”
neural tube;
anterior; rostral
anterior end of neural tube develops into … - most advanced thinking, executive functions, etc. occurs here
in middle of neural tube … develops - advanced unconscious functions (i.e. breathing, heartrate, body temps, etc)
at most posterior portion the … develops - cerebellum, more reptilian portion of the brain - …
forebrain;
midbrain;
hindbrain; instinct
from most anterior portion there are two more functional classifications: … and …
telencephalon; diencephalon
telencephalon: forms … of the brain - where most neurons in brain are located
“wrinklier” brain = more …
more cognitively developed an organism is, the more … the brain is
two major hemispheres; neurons; folds
midbrain (mesencephalon) doesn’t … - brain stem
divide
metencephalon –> brain stem (pons) + cerebellum - … movements develop through cerebellum;
cerebellum creates … - typically … process
refined;
central pattern generators;
unconscious
myelencephalon –> medulla of brainstem - more … tendencies, …/…, etc
animalistic; anger; aggression
brain folds in on itself via … which reduce size of brain substantially
flexures
… are most developed part of the brain
cerebral hemispheres
central cavity seen throughout brain from most rostral part of brain through to …
lined by … and large amount of … followed by another concentrated bundle of … lining cortex
spinal cord;
gray matter;
white matter;
gray matter
CSF prevents damage due to … - CSF is shock absorber
movement of head
… of brain form in the same way as the brain itself
ventricles
folds of brain increases … - allows for more … and thus more …
SA; neurons; complexity
… lobe: visual cortex
… lobe: language
… lobe: executive decision-making
occipital;
temporal;
frontal
circulatory system resides in spaces between … and … in brain
gyri; sulci
most neurons in the brain in the …, despite the fact that cortex is very thin
cerebral cortex
…: right side of brain controls left side of body, left side of brain controls right side of body
contralateral connections
… areas: multiple pieces of info from other parts of brain being put together here to create deeper/complex associations - gives context to … and …
association; movement; perception
… area: responsible for … but not for speech –> if damaged, can speak but have difficulty understanding what other people say
wernicke’s; language;
… area: responsible for speech
if damaged, lose ability to speak but still have ability to understand …
broca’s; written language
primary motor cortex has … neurons - responsible for conscious, precise voluntary movement
learning … task - stored here - tasks that require …
only repetitive things that you don’t think about are in …
pyramidal;
really detailed; concentration;
cerebellum
premotor cortex immediately in front of … - communicates with …
also communicates with part of brain that delivers … info –> allows for refinement of movement based on …
primary motor cortex; primary motor cortex; sensory; new info
frontal eye field responsible for …
“huge” amount of …
coordinated eye movement; innervation
somatosensory association cortex allows us to refine signals we’re receiving and gives them …
without this, all sensation would be ..
context; “raw data”
striate cortex –> …
has … pattern
primary visual cortex; banded
visual association area tells the individual …
if this is damaged its basically like being blind with the ability to see
highly developed in blind people - can discriminate location via …
what they’re seeing; other senses
primary auditory cortex receives basic auditory info - …, …, etc
location; pitch
auditory association area associates …, …, more detailed info with sound
… sense is primary sensation for remembering things as far back as possible
memories; emotions;
olfactory
…: perceive what’s occurring in guts
…: perceiving where you are in 3D space
visceral sensory area;
vestibular cortex
limbic system:
extends from … into …
contains portions of … and higher order functions of … as well
forebrain; brainstem;
reptilian brain; cerebral cortex
olfactory sense initiates … response very quickly and can trigger memories of ..
emotional; emotional responses
limbic system is responsible for … which is why it is both so old and so new:
reptilian- ..,. …, …, etc
new- …, etc
emotion;
aggression; anger; annoyance;
empathy
amygdala: processing .. info related to … - recognizing fearful things and seeing those expressions on other people (e.g. when someone is maddened)
visual; fear
amygdala:
helps assess danger and if it recognizes that danger, helps initiate response appropriate to …
amygdalic lesions is incredibly dangerous: fear acts as … measure
bilateral amygdalic lesions must be monitored constantly, otherwise will do stupid things –> inhibits understanding of any …
level of danger;
preventitive;
consequences
people with damage to amygdala also don’t have …
amygdala develops at different speeds in men vs women, almost fully formed before women …, but for men it takes way longer (surprise surprise)
social fears;
finish puberty
cingulate gyrus helps translate how we feel both through … and …
facial and gestural expression
cingulate gyrus:
lesions to this area of the brain is cause of … - no … expression
also helps resolve … resulting from emotional things with other people
flat affect; emotional;
mental conflicts
cingulate gyrus:
emotions add “flavor” to sensations –> give sensations .. beyond simply …
meaning; raw sensory data
… can communicate with limbic system to be consciously aware of emotions, which helps … emotions
prefrontal cortex; control
hippocampus: seahorse; responsible for moving memory from … to … storage
still not entirely sure what this means, bc we don’t know where memories are ultimately stored
short term; long term
hippocampus:
capable of … for short amounts of time in hippocampus and then it goes somewhere else for long term storage
lesions in hippocampus: unable to form any type of new … for bilateral lesions –> can form new types of memory that aren’t encoded by the hippocampus though
memory discrimination; episodic memory
reticular formation: … and … that pass through brainstem
these extend … throughout most of the rest of the brain –> send far flung … to entire rest of the brain
3 broad and long; axons; axonal connections
reticular activating system –> keeps cerebral cortex conscious and alert
default state for brain is to be in a …
helps filter out … and … signals –> otherwise would be aware of every sensation one’s having constantly; around … mins after a signal has been present, it tones it out
coma;
weak; repetitive;
4-6
reticular activating system:
severe injury to this area yields …
coordinate … functions
projections to cerebellum help control … movements
regulates … motor movements (e.g. peristalsis)
keeps heart beating and maintains breathing
irreversible coma;
motor;
coarse;
visceral
brain activity measured through electroencephalogram (EEG):
measures differences … –> different patterns of activity depending on …
in neuronal firing patterns; brain region
4 general brain wave patterns:
alpha- short, regular, … patterns that are generated by …, … brain
beta- … frequency of alpha, actively concentrating on something –> performing particular task or focusing on learning a task
theta waves –> short, … rhythms; common in …; irregular; uncommon in adults
delta waves –> extremely … waves; … amplitude; present in very deep sleep or when … is dampened, during anesthesia or if patient has been … and has suffered brain damage
rhythmic; relaxed conscious;
double;
slower; children;
slow; high; reticular activating system; hypoxic
brain waves increase up to a point EEGs can help ... to different parts of brain flat EEG (no brain waves) = ...
locate damage;
dead
(epilepsy) brain loses control of its …
may result in unconsciousness
… of the body
uncoordinated, uncontrollable jerking of the body
no impact on the … state of those suffering from it
firing pattern;
stiffening;
intellectual
(epilepsy) … (absence seizures) –> seen in children with certain types of epilepsy; expression goes …, … ceases for short period of time
not painful, but can happen frequently
not typically dangerous
petit mal;
blank; movement
(epilepsy) … (tonic-clonic) seizures: complete loss of consciousness, …, etc.
potentially life-threatening
anticonvulsive drugs can control epilepsy
vagal nerve stimulation can control epilepsy –> implanting … on chest
grand mal; incontinence;
small electrode
there is a type of seizure that occurs when hemispheres …, which can be cured by ….
two distinct … residing in either side of the brain
communicate too much; cutting their corpus collosum; personalities
consciousness:
perception of …
voluntary …and … of movement
sensation;
initiation; control
4 different levels of loss of consciousness:
alertness
drowsiness (lethargy)
stupor: difficult to rouse; semi-…; even for long periods of time; not forming sentences, etc
coma: no … whatsoever
alert;
perception
sleep:
state of either full or partial …
two major types: REM and NREM
REM vital for … to be maintained
unconsciousness;
consciousness
(sleep) first 30-45 mins, … of NREM; then in about 90 mins, … sleep begins
believed that dreaming occurs in REM
two stages; REM
(sleep) NREM stage 1: starting to relax, moving from … to … waves (overthinking prevents this), easy to wake up
NREM stage 2: … brain wave patterns; more difficult to wave
beta; alpha; irregular
(sleep) NREM stage 3: … waves; … and … slows; difficult to arouse
NREM stage 4: total … waves; arousal is extremely difficult; patterns abruptly change to … pattern at some point
delta; heartrate; breathing;
delta; REM
(sleep) REM and awake patterns are extremely
similar
certain connections cut off during sleeping - essential bc if brain were to communicate with motor cortex while sleeping, you could act out dreams
… inhibited, otherwise you act out what you’re dreaming about
RAS (reticular activation system)
Hypothalamic neurons create… which are released by neurons that act as chemical signal to wake up; have to continually be manufactured; causes brain stem neurons in the … to fire very fast and stimulate neurons in cortex to wake up
Orexins produced in cycles – part of …; but when waking up, it’s a “massive dump”
orexins; reticular formation; circadian rhythm`
… or .. cycles of REM in avg 8 hrs of sleep
3; 4
as age increases, … sleep declines
stage 4
REM is necessary for … because those deprived of REM but have all other stages of sleep do extremely poorly on memory tests
consolidation of memory;
REM substantial for maintaining …
good mood
Sleep disorders:
o…: completely stop telling conscious mind to be awake and instantly fall asleep – abruptly
oSleep apnea:
…: alterations in soft palate in mouth, difficulty breathing
…: reticular activating system forgets to tell your lungs to breathe
o Insomnia:
Congenital disorder: … –> lose ability to fall asleep somewhere between age of 30-50
• Over course between 6 months – 2 years: lose contact with reality, become…, and eventually die due to complications from not sleeping
Narcolepsy;
obstructive; central;
fatal familial insomnia;
psychotic
…: very short intervals of time where you’re awake, but for a fraction of each second, brain jumps into very short bouts of REM
microsleep
language:
…
… area
… area
responsible for analyzing … language and producing … and … structures
corresponding areas on right side of brain not involved in … in verbal language
basal nuclei; broca's; wernicke's; incoming; outgoing sounds and grammatical structures; language consolidation
…arousal can consolidate memory, as can … and …, and … of old and new information
… memory: subconscious info stored in LTM
emotional; rehearsal; excitation; association;
automatic;
o Declarative memory: factual memory –> Explicit info, related to our… and ability to recognize the …, stored in LTM in the context with which it Is learned
o Nondeclarative memory: unconscious/less conscious –> E.g. learning to ride a bike;… memory, … memory (muscle memory) and … memory
consciousness; language; Procedural; motor; emotional
- Brain structures involved in declarative memory:
o…
o … in basal forebrain –> .. neurons in basal forebrain, if damaged, makes memory … impossible
Hippocampus; Ach; cholinergic; retrieval
Declarative memory circuits:
o Sensory input goes to an… cortex which communicates with …(hippocampus, etc), which communicates with and gives “reference and flavor” to… cortex; info goes to… and … and memory is formed in thalamus
association; medial temporal lobe; prefrontal; thalamus; basal forebrain
Brain structures in nondeclarative: o... o... from --> these neurons are those that are lost in parkinson’s--> these neurons grants ability to consciously control movement oMotor memory/muscle memory –... o... --> emotional memory
Basal nuclei; Dopamine; substantia nigra; cerebellum;
amygdala
-Procedural circuit: … to … to …to … to … –> no … involved; communicating directly with basal nuclei and thalamus; involving … circuits here rather than … circuits, which is why these memories aren’t accessible …
o This is why damage to hippocampus doesn’t create deficits to procedural memory
sensory; association; basal nuclei; thalamus; premotor cortex; forebrain; emotional; consciousness; consciously;
During learning:
o… is necessary to form memories –> producing proteins that are somehow involved in memory consolidation
o …
o… shape alterations associated with learning deficits
mRNA; synaptic spines; dendritic spine;
during learning:
o during LTM formation, certain synapses are strengthened – concentrating more…at synapses used all the time
number and size of… tends to increase
also done by releasing more… in presynaptic neuron
increase is called … –> potentiating effectiveness of synapse
• involves…, which opens calcium channels in post synaptic neuron –> more activation
synaptic vesicles ; terminals; neurotransmitters; long term potentiation; glutamate;
-calcium will trigger enzymatic cascades, binds to …, activates …, will lead to formation of …
o BDNF increases with .. activity and with exercise –> Better …
calmodulin; CREB; BDNF; neuronal; exercise; memory recall
-Blood-brain barrier: o Maintains stable enviro for brain o Astrocyte feet telling endothelial cells to maintain ... o... o... can get in
tight junctions;
Selective; small molecules;
-Traumatic brain injuries:
o Subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage can lead to …
o Cerebral edema can occur due to … or …
severe swelling; infection; injury
-Cerebrovascular accidents/strokes:
o Can be… episodes
o TPA can help inhibit … and maintain bloodflow to prevent formation of … in brain
temporary; blood clotting; plaques
- Alzheimer’s not a …, likely combination of several diseases that have similar impacts
- Huntington’s: slow decline of …
single disease;
cognitive function
