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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 1 Info- Slides Contd > Flashcards

Exam 1 Info- Slides Contd Flashcards

1
Q

(functions of the NS) sensory input:

information gathered by sensory receptors about … and … changes

A

internal; external

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2
Q

(functions of the NS)

…: interpretation of sensory input

A

integration

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3
Q

(functions of the NS) motor output:

activation of … (.. and …) produces a response

A

effector organs; muscles; glands

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4
Q

central nervous system:
… and …
… and … center

A

brain; spinal

integration; command

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

paired … and … carry messages to and from the CNS

A

spinal and cranial nerves

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6
Q

(peripheral nervous system- PNS) two functional divisions:
1. sensory (…) division:
somatic afferent fibers – convey impulses from …, …, and …
visceral afferent fibers - convey impulses from …

A

afferent;
skin; skeletal muscles; joints;
visceral organs

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7
Q

(peripheral nervous system- PNS) motor (efferent) division:

transmits impulses from the .. to …

A

CNS; effector organs

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8
Q

(motor division of PNS) … (…) NS:

conscious control of skeletal muscles

A

somatic; voluntary

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9
Q

(motor division of PNS) … (…) NS (ANS):
visceral motor nerve fibers
regulates …, …, and …
two functional subdivisions: …, …

A

autonomic; involuntary;
smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands;
sympathetic; parasympathetic

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10
Q

two principal cell types in NS:
…: excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
… (… cells): supporting cells

A

neurons;

neuroglia; glial

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11
Q 
(neuroglia) glial cells include: 
... (CNS)
... (CNS)
... (CNS)
... (CNS)
... (PNS)
... (PNS)
A 
astrocytes; 
microglia; 
ependymal cells; 
oligodendrocytes; 
satellite cells; 
schwann cells;
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12
Q

(neuroglia) astrocytes:
most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells
cling to …, …, and …
… and … neurons

A

neurons; synaptic endings; capillaries;

support; brace

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13
Q 
(neuroglia) astrocytes: 
help determine ... 
guide ... of young neurons 
control the ... 
participate in ... int he brain
A

capillary permeability;
migration;
chemical environment;
information processing

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14
Q

(neuroglia) … are the most abundant CNS neuroglia

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

(neuroglia) microglia:
small, ovoid cells with thorny processes
migrate toward … neurons
… microorganisms and neuronal debris

A

injured;

phagocytize

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16
Q

(neuroglia) … are defensive cells in the CNS

A

microglial cells

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17
Q

(neuroglia) ependymal cells:
range in shape from … to …
may be …

A

squamous; columnar; ciliated

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18
Q

(neuroglia) ependymal cells:
may be ciliated:
line the … of the brain and spinal column
separate the … from the … in the cavities

A

central cavities;
CNS interstitial fluid;
cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

(neuroglia) ependymal cells line … cavities

A

cerebrospinal fluid-filled

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20
Q

(neuroglia) oligodendrocytes:
… cells
processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming …

A

branched;

insulating myelin sheaths

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21
Q

(neuroglia) satellite cells:

surround … in the PNS

A

neuron cell bodies

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22
Q

(neuroglia) schwann cells:
surround … and form …
vital to regeneration of

A

peripheral nerve fibers; myelin sheaths

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23
Q

(neuroglia) schwann cells:

vital to … of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

A

regeneration

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24
Q

(neurons-nerve cells) special characteristics:
long-llived (100 yrs or more)
…
high … rate - depends on continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

A

terminal differentiation;

metabolic

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25
Q 
(neurons-nerve cells) 
special characteristics: 
plasma membrane functions in: 
... 
... during development
A

electrical signaling;

cell-to-cell interactions

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26
Q 
(neurons-nerve cells) 
cell body (... or ...) 
biosynthetic center of a neuron 
spherical ... with ... 
well-developed ... 
network of ... (...)
A

perikaryon; soma;
nucleus; nucleolus;
Golgi apparatus;
neurofibrils; neurofilaments

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27
Q

(neurons-nerve cells) cell body:
… - cone-shaped area from which axon arises
clusters of cell bodies are called … in the CNS, … in the PNS

A

axon hillock;

nuclei; ganglia

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28
Q

(neurons- Processes)
… and …
bundles of processes are called … in the CNS, … in the PNS

A

dendrites; axons

tracts; nerves

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29
Q

(dendrites)
short, tapering, and diffusely branched
… (…) region of a neuron
convey … signals toward the cell body as …

A

receptive; input;

electrical; graded potentials

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30
Q 
(the axon) one axon per cell arising from the ... 
long axons (...) 
occasional branches (...)
A

axon hillock;
nerve fibers;
axon collaterals

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31
Q

(the axon)
numerous … branches
knoblike … (… or ..)

A

terminal;

axon terminals; synaptic knobs; boutons

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32
Q

(the axon) axon terminals:
… region of neuron
release … to excite/inhibit other cells

A

secretory; neurotransmitters

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33
Q

(the axon)
… region of a neuron
generates and transmits … (…) away from the cell body

A

conducting;

nerve impulses; action potentials

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34
Q

(the axon)
molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor molecules in two directions:
… - toward axonal terminal (e.g. mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes)
… - toward the cell body (e.g. organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, bacterial toxins)

A

anterograde;

retrograde

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35
Q

cells of nervous system: axons transport

… axonal transport: moves material by … (cytoplasmic) flow at 0.2-2.5 mm/day

… axonal transport: moves organelles at rates of up to 400 mm/day

A

slow; axoplasmic;

fast

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36
Q

cells of nervous system: axons transport

fast axonal transport:
… (or … ) transport: from cell body to axon terminal

… (or …) transport: from axon terminal to cell body

A

forward; anterograde;

backward; retrograde

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37
Q

fast axonal transport of membranous organelles:

  1. peptides synthesized and packaged
  2. fast axonal transport along … network
  3. vesicle contents released by …
  4. ….
  5. … fast axonal transport
  6. old membrane components digested in …
A 
microtubule; 
exocytosis; 
synaptic vesicle recycling; 
retrograde; 
lysosomes
38
Q

(myelin sheath) segmented … sheath most long or large-diameter axons
it functions to:
… and … the axon
increase … of nerve impulse transmission

A

protein-lipoid;
protect; electrically insulate;
speed

39
Q

(myelin sheath) in PNS:
Schwann cells wrap many times around the axon –> …: concentric layers of schwann …

…: peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm

A

myelin sheath; cell membrane;

neurilemma

40
Q

(myelin sheath) in PNS:

…: myelin sheath gaps between adjacent Schwann; sites where … can emerge

A

nodes of Ranvier; axon collaterals

41
Q

(myelin sheath) 1. a schwann cell envelopes an axon

  1. the schwann cell then rotates around the axon, wrapping its plasma membrane loosely around it in …
  2. the schwann cell … is forced from between the membranes. the tight … surrounding the axon form the myelin sheath
A

succesive layers;
cytoplasm;
membrane wrappings

42
Q

thin nerve fibers are …

one schwann cell may incompletely enclose 15 or more …

A

unmyelinated;

unmyelinated axons

43
Q 
myelin sheaths in the CNS: 
formed by processes of ..., not the whole cells 
... are present 
no ... 
thinnest fibers are ...
A

oligodendrocytes;
nodes of ranvier;
neurilemma;
unmyelinated

44
Q

…: dense collections of myelinated fibers

…: mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

A

white matter;

gray matter

45
Q

structural classification-three types of neurons:
… - 1 axon and several dendrites
… - 1 axon and 1 dendrite
… (…) - single, short process that has two branches

A

multipolar;
bipolar;
unipolar; pseudounipolar

46
Q

structural classification-three types of neurons:

multipolar neurons are the most … and are .. neurons and ..

A

.abundant; motor; interneurons

47
Q

structural classification-three types of neurons:

… are rare; an example is retinal neurons

A

bipolar

48
Q

structural classification-three types of neurons:
unipolar branches:
… process - more distal branch, often associated with a sensory receptor
… process - branch entering the CNS

A

peripheral;

central

49
Q

functional classification-three types of neurons:
… (…): transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS
… (…): carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
… (… neurons): shuttle signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within the CNS

A

sensory; afferent;
motor; efferent;
interneurons; association

50
Q

neuron function:
neurons are highly …
respond to adequate stimulus by generating an … (nerve impulse)
impulse is always the same regardless of …

A

irritable;
action potential;
stimulus

51
Q

(principles of electricity)
opposite charges attract each other
… is required to separate opposite charges across a membrane
… is liberated with the charges move toward one another
if opposite charges are separated, the system has …

A

energy;
energy;
potential energy

52
Q

…: measure of potential energy generated by separated charge

A

voltage (V)

53
Q

…: voltage measured between two points

A

potential difference

54
Q

…: the flow of electrical charge (ions) between two points

A

current (I)

55
Q

…: hindrance to charge flow (provided by the plasma membrane)

A

Resistance (R)

56
Q

…: substance with high electrical resistance

…: substance with low electrical resistance

A

insulator;

conductor;

57
Q

Ohm’s Law:

A 
V = IR 
I = V/R
58
Q

… serve as membrane ion channels
two main types of ion channels:
… (…) channels - always open
… channels (three types)

A

proteins;
leakage; nongated;
gated

59
Q

gated ion channels:
… (…) channel: open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter
… channels: open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
… channel: open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors

A

chemically gated; ligand-gated;
voltage-gated;
mechanically gated

60
Q

when gated channels are open:
ions diffuse quickly across the membrane along their …:
along chemical conc gradients from .. conc to … conc
along electrical gradients toward …

A

electrochemical gradients;
higher; lower
opposite electrical charge

61
Q

when gated channels are open:

ion flow creates an … and … changes across the membrane

A

electrical current; voltage

62
Q

(resting membrane potential - Vr) potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell:
approximately … in neurons (… side of membrane is negatively charged relative to other side)

A

-70 mV; cytoplasmic

63
Q

(resting membrane potential - Vr)
generated by:
differences in ionic makeup of … and …
… of the plasma membrane

A

intracellular fluid (ICF); extracellular fluid (ECF); differential permeability

64
Q

differences in ionic makeup:
ICF has lower conc of … and … than ECF
ICF has higher conc of … and … (A-) than ECF

A

Na+; Cl-;

K+; negatively charged proteins

65
Q

differential permeability of membrane:
impermeable to …
slightly permeable to … (through leakage channels–higher …)
75 times more permeable to .. (more …, higher …)
freely permeable to …

A

A- (anionic proteins);
Na+; out of the cell
K_; leakage channels; in the cell;
Cl-

66
Q

negative interior of the cell is due to much greater diffusion of … than …
… stabilizes the membrane potential by maintaining the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+

A

K+ out of the cell; Na+ diffusion into the cell;

sodium-potassium pump

67
Q

membrane potential changes when:
… across the membrane change
… of membrane to … changes
changes in membrane potential are signals used to …, …, and … information

A

concentrations of ions;
permeability; ions;
receive; integrate; send

68
Q

two types of signals:
… –> incoming short-distance signals
… –> long-distance signals of axons

A

graded potentials;

action potentials

69
Q

depolarization
a … in the membrane potential (toward …)
inside of the membrane becomes less … than the resting potential
… the probability of producing a nerve impulse

A

reduction; zero;
negative;
increases

70
Q

hyperpolarization:
an … in membrane potential (away from ..)
inside of the membrane becomes more … than the resting potential
… the probability of producing a nerve impulse

A

increase; zero;
negative;
reduces

71
Q

graded potentials:
short-lived, … changes in membrane potential
… or …
spreads as … change the membrane potential of adjacent regions

A

localized;
depolarizations; hyperpolarizations;
local currents

72
Q

(Action Potential- AP) brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of … mV
occurs in … cells and …
does not … over distance
principal means of … neural communication

A

about 100;
muscle; axons of neurons;
decrease in magnitude;
long-distance

73
Q

properties of gated channels:
each Na+ channel has two voltage-sensitive gates:
…: closed at rest; open with depolarization
…: open at rest; block channel once it is open

A

activation gates;

inactivation gates

74
Q

properties of gated channels:
each K+ channel has … gate
… at rest
opens slowly with …

A

one voltage-sensitive;
closes;
depolarization

75
Q

depolarizing phase:
depolarizing local currents open …
… causes more depolarization
at threshold (… to … mV) positive feedback leads to opening of all … and a reversal of membrane polarity to … (spike of AP)

A 
voltage-gated Na+ channels; 
Na+ influx;
 -55 to -50; 
Na+ channels; 
\+30 mV
76
Q

repolarizing phase:
Na+ channel … close
membrane permeability to … declines to resting levels
slow … open
… exits the cell and internal negativity is restored

A

slow inactivation gates;
Na+;
voltage-sensitive K+ gates;
K+

77
Q

hyperpolarization:
some … channels remain open, allowing excessive ..
this causes … of the membrane (…)

A

K+; K+ efflux;

after-hyperpolarization; undershoot

78
Q 
Na+-K+ pump: 
1. Na+ binding 
2. ... 
3. ... causes Na+ release and K+ binding 
4. ... induced ... leads to K+ release 
process repeats
A

phosphorylation;
conformational change;
dephosphorylation; conformational change

79
Q

propagation of an action potential:
Na+ influx causes a patch of the axonal membrane to …
… occur
Na+ channels toward the point of origin are … and not affected by the …

A

depolarize;
local currents;
inactivated;
local currents

80
Q

propagation of an action potential:
local currents affect adjacent areas in the … direction
depolarization opens … and triggers an AP
… wave follows the depolarization wave

A

forward;
voltage-gated channels;
repolarization

81
Q 
at threshold: 
membrane is depolarized by ... to ... mV 
... increases 
... exceeds ... 
the positive feedback cycle begins
A

15; 20;
Na+ permeability;
Na+ influx; K+ efflux

82
Q

…: weak local depolarization that does not reach threshold

A

subthreshold stimulus

83
Q

…: strong enough to push the membrane potential toward and beyond threshold

A

threshold stimulus

84
Q

AP is an … phenomenon – action potentials either happen completely, or not at all

A

all-or-none

85
Q

all actions potentials are alike and are independent of …
strong stimuli can generate action potentials … than weaker stimuli
the CNS determines stimulus intensity by the …

A

stimulus intesnity;
more often;
frequency of impulses

86
Q

…: time from the opening of the Na+ channels until the resetting of the channels
ensures that each AP is an … event
enforces … of nerve impulses

A

absolute refractory period;
all-or-none;
one-way transmission

87
Q

…: follows the absolute refractory period
most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state
some K+ channels are still open
… is occurring;

A

relative refractory period; repolarization

88
Q

relative refractory period:
threshold for AP generation is …
… may generate an AP

A

elevated;

exceptionally strong stimulus

89
Q

conduction velocities of neurons vary widely:
larger diameter fibers have … resistance to local current flow and have … impulse conduction

continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons is … than … in myelinated axons

A

less; faster;
slower;
saltatory conduction

90
Q

conduction velocity:
myelin sheaths … and prevent …
saltatory conduction in myelinated axons is more than … faster –> … are located at the nodes; APs appear to jump rapidly from node to node

A

insulate; leakage of charge;

30 times; voltage-gated Na+ channels;

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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