Exam 2 Rest of Lec Notes and Missed Notes

Question 1

lower blood pressure, stop firing …

Answer 1

baroreceptors

Question 2

… is increased with higher BP

Answer 2

firing of baroreceptors

Question 3

hypothalamus directly responsible in changing BP in response to stress, also regulates body temp by getting chemical signals to increase body temp - only immune cells that produce cytokines called … (fire makers - released for things like viral infections)

Answer 3

pyrogens

Question 4

… increases blood volume whereas … decreases it by having kidneys eliminate more fluid per hour

Answer 4

aldosterone; atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 5

baroreceptors don’t have

Answer 5

fixed point

Question 6

…: spaces between ribs

Answer 6

intercostal spaces

Question 7

don’t want heart to experience friction because this would …, leading to development of … –> thus we limit friction by presence of …

Answer 7

damage tissue; noncontractile scar tissue;

pericardium

Question 8

… is where you can measure pt of maximal intensity

Answer 8

apex of heart

Question 9

lungs encased in double walled sacs called …

Answer 9

pleura

Question 10

heart wouldn’t be as efficient if it had … muscle fibers

… like arrangement that allows it to squeeze from the …

Answer 10

parallel;
spiral;
bottom up

Question 11

…: wall separating two identical chambers

Answer 11

septum

Question 12

interventricular arteyr: … artery in the heart, except for aorta, aka …
heart attacks here typically ftal

Answer 12

largest; widowmaker

Question 13

external line of demarcation is the

Answer 13

interventricular septum

Question 14

vena cava and coronary sinus deliver … blood, coronary sinus is the “main dumping vein” for the heart’s own blood delivery system

Answer 14

oxygen poor

Question 15

heart tissue is too … to allow for diffusion of blood into the muscles which is why its own system of … and … is essential

Answer 15

thick;

arteries; veins

Question 16

anastomoses are junctions that …

… help to ensure that the heart won’t necessarily die if there are minor blockages

Answer 16

connect major blood vessels;

collateral routes

Question 17

angina: over time, lack of oxygen will …

slowing down … being delivered per min

Answer 17

weaken heart cells;

total volume

Question 18

with myocardial infarction, … increases greatly and sometimes obstruction can be dislodged, but if blockage was prolonged, muscles are … so this doesn’t really happen

Answer 18

blood pressure;

weakened

Question 19

when damaged, heart can start contracting more forcibly to the point that it …

Answer 19

tears myocardium

Question 20

…: much stronger than Z discs in skeletal muscle tissue, have … - strongest intercellular connectors

Answer 20

intercalated discs

desmosomes

Question 21

intercalated discs:
desmosomes keep heart from tearing itself apart with …
…: most efficient way to send signal from one cell to another
functional syncytium refers to the fact that it is an …

Answer 21

major contractions;
gap junctions;
electrically coupled pump

Question 22

myofibril: lined up so that light and dark sections are lined up which gives muscles very … appearance

Answer 22

organized

Question 23

in the middle where Myomesin is is where we have no actin filaments –> this is what we call the … zone which appears lighter than the rest of the A band but not as light as I band

Answer 23

H zone

Question 24

T tubules run parallel to z discs of each individual sarcomere, such that when the action potential reaches the muscle, the ions flow into the interior of the t tubules and change the … throughout all of the …, not just outside but into interior of the muscle cell and in between each of these individual myofibrils

Answer 24

voltage; sarcolemma;

Question 25

neuromuscular junction in middle of each fiber - don’t have to worry about diffusion causing a … traveling through the muscle - signal propagates at the same speed in both directions, leading to ….

Answer 25

ripple; coordinated contraction

Question 26

Synaptic cleft is small so Ach diffuses instantly and binds to Ach ligand gated channels, which change shape, sodium rushes in to cause …, wave propagates as Ach continues to be dumped into synaptic cleft, and when there’s a high enough conc of sodium ions, voltage gated sodium channels open, more sodium rushes in – this is the initiation of the action potential
 K+ channel delay is… than in neurons bc contraction takes longer

Answer 26

end plate potential; longer

Question 27

EPO is hormone that is necessary for erythropoiesis, but will not work without … (obvi bc then you cant make RBCs)

Answer 27

iron

Question 28

sickle cell anemia- hydrophobic amino acid residues becoming exposed, distorting shape of hemoglobin and hemoglobin then stack on top of one another to bury hydrophobic residue, forming a …

Answer 28

sickle shaped cell

Question 29

…: chemical signals that leukocytes follow through …to areas of inflammation, where they look for the source of inflammation

Answer 29

chemokines; chemotaxis

Question 30

interleukin-2: triggers things like T and B cells to make copies of themselves - …
other hormones like colony stimulating factor cause… to increase in number

Answer 30

clonal proliferation;

granulocytes

Question 31

lumen of blood vessels have proteins that coat … inhibit platelet clotting
NO and prostacyclin also stop thrombin from getting activated

Answer 31

interior of blood vessels

Question 32

if you need to cool down, … occurs to allow for heat dissipation

Answer 32

vasodilation

Question 33

smooth muscle on arteries also allows for some … due to heartbeat

Answer 33

shock absorption

Question 34

capillaries is where we regain fluid from the

Answer 34

lymphatic system