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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 3 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

heart depolarizes and contracts completely on its own
achieved via …: holes made of proteins called … which form portal between adjacent cells
allows for spreading of …

A

gap junctions; connexins; change in voltage

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2
Q

overall contraction of heart is similar to those in …:
action potentials
important to have more than … heartbeats per second because of the long …

A

skeletal muscle;
4;
absolute refractory period

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3
Q

heart has same basic overall architecture as in skeletal muscle:
…, resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle is a little lower than in neurons (… mV) but is still depolarized to … mV
the fact that calcium channels stay open longer means that the cell can take longer to …

A

fast sodium gated channels;
-90;
30;
reset for another contraction

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4
Q

for the heart, there is … for depolarization (not actually a … rise)

A

very few ms; vertical

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5
Q

the plateau of the action potential is not a

A

completely flat region

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6
Q

total length of action potential is longer as is the contractile phase:
must wait for … to inactivate and for … to open– won’t open for at least … ms

A

slow calcium channels;
very slow voltage gated K+ channels;
100

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7
Q

at least … longer delay for K+ channels in cardiac muscle as compared to neurons

A

100x

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8
Q

… cells that allow for automated contractility have … channels that never …

A

autorhythmic; slow sodium; fully close

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9
Q

autorhythmicity referred to as …

A

pacemaker

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10
Q

slow sodium channels allow sodium to leak into cell constantly and one it reaches threshold, … open, yielding rising phase of action potential

A

calcium channels

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11
Q

unlike every other action potential trace we’ve seen, there’s no … at resting membrane potential because we’re always … into these cells

A

“resting”; leaking some sodium

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12
Q

these slow sodium channels are much more numerous and are open in large enough numbers to allow the pacemaker cells to hit threshold all the time
… reach threshold

A

gradually

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13
Q

depolarization here is primarily due to … rather than sodium
repolarization again due to …, but there’s no undershoot because by the time repolarization is complete, some … are open again

A

influx of calcium;
K+ efflux;
slow sodium channels

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14
Q

different cell types have different rhythms:

channels only differ in … among pacemaker cells but overall mechanism is the same

A

how long they’re open/closed

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15
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) SA node: in … – mostly concerned with contraction of …

A

right atrium;

atria

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16
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) SA node:

… for the heart - sets … for the rest of the pacemaking cells within the heart

A

major pacemaker; rhythm;

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17
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)
SA node:
capable of … – about … timex/min –> falls into normal range for heartbeat
… pacemaker cell in the heart

A

contracting spontaneously; 75;

fastest

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18
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) AV node:

located just underneath groove that separates … from … - primarily concerned with contracting …

A

atria;
ventricles;
ventricles

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19
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) AV node:
smaller than SA node
takes longer to spread rhythmic signal due to the fact that there are …
receives direct input from …

A

fewer gap junctions;

SA node

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20
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)
AV node:
When SA node fires action potential directly on AV node, it doesn’t do anything for about tenth of second - delay is such that atria can be … enough that most of the blood has been squeezed into … before the ventricles contract

A

squeezed closed enough;

ventricles

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21
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)
AV node:
depolarization rate is about …% slower than SA node

A

50;

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22
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)
AV node:
damage to SA node will not necessarily result in death because … will take over
extreme damage to SA will ensure that without implantation of pacemaker, .. beats/min not typically sufficient for people, so individuals will be winded just from low intensity exertion like walking

A

AV node;

50

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23
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)

larger … per heartbeat in those that are physically fit which is why lower heartbeat occurs in athletes

A

cardiac output

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24
Q 
(pacemakers of the heart) 
Atrioventricular bundle (...): 
no ... at border between atria and ventricles because we want that .. s delay between SA and AV firing so we don't want these electrically coupled, otherwise, contraction would occur in the entire heart at the same time
A

bundle of His;
gap junctions;
0.1

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25
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) right and left bundle branches:
carry electrical signals through … to … and then back up towards top of each …
branch into …

A

interventricular septum;
apex;
ventricle;
purkinje fibers

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26
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)
purkinje fibers:
these are what go from … up to …
… but extremely slow

A

apex; ventricular wall;

autorhythmic

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27
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) arrhythmia may be result of … to heart, …, or just naturally occurring:
can run in families
typically not life threatening

A

damage; infection

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28
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)… in bundle of His or AV bundle itself such that atrial and ventricular contractions aren’t coupled normally

A

disturbances

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29
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) …: heart loses ability to coordinate regular contractions and heart flutters such that there is no … - not ejecting any blood out of the heart

A

fibrillation; ‘

full contraction

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30
Q

(pacemakers of the heart)
almost no SA innervation reaches AV when AV node is damaged and so relying almost completely on … which can’t sustain sufficient rate - more harmful than SA node damage
… not contracting enough to keep you alive

A

branches; ventricles

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31
Q

(pacemakers of the heart) opening to atria are only places in heart where there are no …

A

heart valves

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32
Q

cardioacceleratory innervate both … and … itself - allows contraction to be more forceful:
innervates … as well
each beat ejection more …/beat

A

pacemaker cells; heart tissue;
coronary arteries;
fluid

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33
Q

cardioinhibitory center only innervates …, not heart muscle because you can’t tell hear to contract less forcefully:
… bypasses spinal column itself and directly innervates

A

pacemakers;

vagus nerve

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34
Q

heart beat trace gives us direct information about how well different areas of the heart are … and … with one another

A

electrically coupled;

coordinated

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35
Q

P wave: initial … in cardiac cycle - when … node fires

small plateau in … interval: where delay occurs between AV and SA firing

A

depolarization;
SA;
P-Q;

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36
Q

ventricular contraction when AV node fires indicated by …

buried in there is another wave when … occurs - if heart is working properly you never see this

A

QRS complex;

repolarization

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37
Q

… wave is for ventricular repolarization

A

T

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38
Q

another flat line in heart trace when … and then cycle begins again

A

fully repolarized

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39
Q

can dissect altered ECG to obtain information about what tissue has been … in the patient

A

damaged

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40
Q

no P waves in … because no wave of depolarization is spreading across atria

A

junctional rhythm

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41
Q

2nd degree heart block: … is damaged, small … - some atrial contraction, some ventricular contraction, but they aren’t … with one another – EKG where essentially getting … atrial contractions/ventricular contractions:
2 …/..

A 
AV node; 
QRS complexes; 
coordinating; 
2; 
2 P waves/QRS wave
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42
Q

those struck by lightning experience the following as far as 60 mins after the strike:
ventricular fibrillation: wild fluctuation in …, waves …

A

contraction intensity; closely spaced together

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43
Q

defibrillator only … does not start new …

A

stops fibrillation; heartbeat

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44
Q

restart heart by … stimulating and giving dose of …;

A

mechanically; adrenaline

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45
Q

heart murmurs developed later in life is typically due to … (e.g. scarlet fever- protein outside of this pathogen that resembles protein on heart valve - … - immune system attacks heart valves after infection)
heart no longer functioning as efficient mechanical pump

A

infection;

molecular mimicry

46
Q

direction of sound waves coming from each of the … is where stethoscope is placed when listening to heart sounds

A

heart valves

47
Q

when AV valves are open attracting force of … pulls fluid into ventricles - due to … force as well
no .. present in circulatory system
this is why you can survive with SA node damage

A

H-bonding;
vacuum force;
air

48
Q

beta blockers block … receptors

A

beta 1 adrenergic

49
Q

hypertension increases pressure ventricles have to exert to overcome pressure in

50
Q

…factors are the hormones that regulate heartbeat

A

chronotropic

51
Q

acetylcholine is a … chronotropic factor:

K+ efflux makes it … for heart to contract which … heart rate

A

negative;
harder;’
decreases

52
Q

larger than average amount of blood flowing into atria (e.g. when you spontaneously jump up from seated position) –> increase … in SA node –> activate … and … heart rate
Heart “assumes” there’s a reason as to why you jumped up

A

stretch;
atrial reflex;
increases

53
Q

thyroxine has … effect with norepi and epi - this is why thyroxine is main … hormone
increasing basal metabolic rate by …

A

synergistic;
metabolic;
increasing heartrate

54
Q

generally around … bpm or less typically not adequate for maintaining consciousness

55
Q

… can be indicative of problem with heart’s conduction system/dampening of … center

A

bradycardia; cardioacceleratory

56
Q

CHF: over course of number of years, heart is weakened to the point that it can’t … forcefully enough to maintain adequate circulation:
typically due to persistent … which is why this condition is considered silent killer
baroreceptors don’t know this- they only respond to momentary changes in pressure

A

contract;

high blood pressure

57
Q

don’t want heart to be … than its supposed to be - heart pushes up against the rest of thorax and can’t expand as much as it needs to such that it must contract even more forcefully –> over time … heart and it eventually dies

A

larger;

weakens

58
Q

…: looking for fatty deposits, if they’re too occluded, they will do open heart surgery and will take veins from … and use them for the heart
stent is less invasive –. goes through … artery instead of doing open heart surgery
many stents coated with drugs that prevent further fat deposits - these drugs last a long time

A

coronary bypass;
legs
femoral artery;

59
Q

…: site of gas exchange

60
Q

beginning of respiratory system starts at the …:
system has only one proper exit and entrance, the mouth isn’t intended for respiration, it’s mostly concerned with digestion
… lead into nasal cavity

A

nose;

nostrils

61
Q

lungs sit in …, and are superior to the …

A

pleura; diaphragm

62
Q

respiratory zone is where … occurs

A

actual diffusion of gases

63
Q

changes in volume of chest are what allow for … of air –> due to … movement (mainly diaphragm, but intercostal muscles are involved in that they change … of the chest as one breathes)

A

physical movement;
muscle;
elasticity

64
Q

nose’s primary job is to act as opening for gas to enter:
nasal passages are covered in …
tons of .. in nasal cavity because the nasal passages are actually responsible for not only … the air, but … cold air that comes into respiratory system. otherwise, there would a risk of, if inhaling cold air, freezing/partially freezing and damaging lung tissue with each breath

A

mucus;
blood vessels;
moistening;
warming;

65
Q

nose has … to filter and clean air

nasal cavity is responsible for … in voice, this is why having a stuffy nose changes what your voice sounds like

A

nose hairs;

resonation

66
Q

…: soft tissue that vibrates in the back of nasal cavity

… is physical vibration of this tissue

A

soft palate;

snorting

67
Q

…: lumen of the nasal cavity

68
Q

…: mucosal tissue that lines everything all the way back to the very back of the nasal cavity
loaded with …, secretes …

A

olfactory mucosa;
capillaries;
mucus

69
Q

epithelial cells of respiratory mucosa warm and moisten air and also secrete … materials called … and … –> lyse bacteria open
part of the … immune system, that provide immunity against things that enter the body with every breath

A

antimicrobial;
lysozyme; defensins;
innate

70
Q

epithelial cells of respiratory mucosa are … –> protrusions that beat in one direction (toward the …) to secrete mucus in that direction

A

ciliated;

back of the throat

71
Q

when too much “stuff” has accumulated in the nose, … is triggered
cilia are no longer able to …, they sense that and trigger a sneeze

A

sneezing;

beat mucus backward

72
Q

reclaiming … with each exhalation –> the conchae are so convoluted, so that when air passes out of the nose and over those little folds, some of the … is reclaimed

A

reclaiming body heat;

heat

73
Q

the small amount of time the air spends in lungs, it gets a little … than blood vessels in nose (heat travels from regions of … temp to regions of … temp, which is why reclamation of heat can occur)

A

hotter;
higher;
lower ;

74
Q

…: all nose, nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

75
Q

…: now both food and air are present

… distributed around area of palatine tonsils, to provide protection against pathogens

A

oropharynx;

WBC

76
Q

…: where larynx meets the pharynx

A

laryngopharynx

77
Q

olfactory receptors only occupy a very … in nasal cavity

A

small space

78
Q

trachea provides an area of … structure that is difficult to … to continuously allow air to go to lungs
has …

A

hard; ‘
collapse ;
cartilaginous rings

79
Q

voice is produced in …

80
Q

… sits in Adam’s apple

A

thyroid gland

81
Q

laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple) is present in any human being that has a large amount of … in blood for an extended period of time

A

free flowing testosterone

82
Q

proper name for vocal cords are …

vocal folds … when air is passed over them to produce sound

A

vocal folds;

vibrate

83
Q

more … than actual … folds

A

vestibular folds; vocal

84
Q

… and … vocal cords = higher pitch of voice

… and not as … = lower pitch of voice

A

shorter; tighter;

longer; nost as tight

85
Q

different resonances determined by

A

various chambers in head

86
Q

vocal folds act as … to close glottis

A

muscular sphincter

87
Q

valsalva’s maneuver occurs unconsciously when … or when you’re …

A

emptying bowels; upside down

88
Q

trachea is the … to the lungs proper

A

physical conducting zone

89
Q

cartilaginous rings of trachea are not …, shaped like C, … connect the posterior parts of them

A

fully closed;

trachealis muscles

90
Q

contraction of trachealis muscle forces air through it faster –

91
Q

…: has elaborate shape that allows the two branches to go to each of the lungs

92
Q

trachea now sweeps mucous … (the job is to get mucus …)

A

up; out of the lungs

93
Q

…: where all the “stuff” enters the lungs

bronchial tubes, nerves, lymph, etc

94
Q

left side of lungs has to accomodate space of .. and thus has fewer lobes and fewer branches

95
Q

right bronchus is more … with trachea than the left bronchus and is thus more susceptible to …/…

A

vertical;

lodging; blockages

96
Q

… connect each one of the alveoli in alveolar sac –> ensure that alveolar sac can still … and participate in gas exchange even if one of the pores/alveoli is occluded

A

alveolar pores;

inflate;

97
Q

most of alveolar sac is … –> lungs have very large … but very small … –> need it to be mostly empty, so you can get as much air as possible when breathing

A

empty space;
volume;
mass

98
Q

breathing in entails contraction of various muscles:
thoracic volume … and pulls on tissue of lungs themselves
pleura is being … and lungs stretch, increasing intrapulmonary volume, creating momentary negative intrapulmonary pressure
air flows into lungs to try to … pressure

A

increases;
pulled apart;
equalize

99
Q

forced expiration is an active process that uses

A

abdominal muscles

100
Q

…: resistance of flow of air in and out of the lungs

A

airway resistance

101
Q

….: surface tension of the fluid that’s actually on the alveoli

A

alveolar surface tension

102
Q

…: how stretchy/elastic the lungs actually are

A

lung compliance

103
Q

high … allows for air to flow without being impeded

A

cross sectional area

104
Q

alveoli have to be …, otherwise efficient diffusion won’t occur

105
Q

if alveoli is just wet with water, water is so “sticky” that high surface tension will cause alveoli to …

106
Q

surfactant: soapy substance (it’s a lipid), has a .. and … portion, this is mixed with… in the lungs

A

polar; nonpolar; water

107
Q

surfactant:
detergents inhibit .. and prevent surface tension of water
water is thus less … and there’s less pressure and force pulling the alveoli towards one another

A

H bonding

cohesive

108
Q

surfactant is produced by … cells

A

type II alveolar

109
Q

premature babies that come about … weeks early have yet to produce … cells to produce enough surfactant- must be put in an incubator that provides surfactant to the baby until the lungs are developed enough to produce surfactant on its own

A

6;

type II alveolar

110
Q

fibrosis is caused by …, …, or exposure to certain … (such as cement dust, asbestos)

A

smoking; air pollution;

environmental toxins

111
Q

lung compliance is either reduced due to some … or it’s …

A

genetic component; environmental

112
Q

decreased flexibility of thoracic cage is caused by inability to expand thoracic cage on your own because of …

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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