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Mammalian Physiology > Ch. 22 PPT Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 22 PPT Notes Flashcards

1
Q

(respiration) involves both the … and the … systems

four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

A

respiratory; circulatory

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2
Q

(respiration 4 major process) 1. … (…): movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. …: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and lungs and the blood

A

pulmonary ventilation; breathing;

external respiration

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3
Q

(respiration 4 major process)

  1. …: O2 and CO2 in the blood
  2. …: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
A

transport;

internal respiration

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4
Q 
(respiratory system: functional anatomy) 
Major organs: 
..., ..., and ... 
... 
... 
... 
... and their ... 
... and ...
A 
nose; nasal cavity; paranasal sinuses; 
pharynx; 
larynx; 
trachea; 
bronchi; branches; 
lungs; alveoli;
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5
Q

… zone: site of gas exchange

microscopic structures of this zone: …, …, and …

A

respiratory;

respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts; alveoli

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6
Q

… zone: conduits to gas exchange sites

includes all other respiratory structures

A

conducting

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7
Q

respiratory muscles: … and other muscles that promote ventilation

A

diaphragm

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8
Q

(the nose) functions:

  1. provides an … for respiration
  2. … and … the entering air
A

airway;

moistens; warms

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9
Q

(the nose) functions:

  1. … and … inspired air
  2. serves as a … for speech
  3. houses …
A

filters; cleans;
resonating chamber;
olfactory receptors

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10
Q

(the nose) two regions: … and …

A

external nose; nasal cavity

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11
Q

(the nose) 1. external nose: …, …, …, and …

A

root;
bridge;
dorsum nasi;
apex

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12
Q

(the nose) 1. external nose:
…: a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
… (…): bounded laterally by the alae

A

philtrum;

nostrils; nares

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13
Q 
(the nose) 
2. nasal cavity: in and posterior to the external nose: 
divided by a ... 
Roof: ... and ... bones 
floor: ... and ...
A

midline nasal septum;
ethmoid; sphenoid;
hard; soft palates

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14
Q

(the nose) …: nasal cavity superior to the nostrils

… filter coarse particles from inspired air

A

vestibule;

vibrissae

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15
Q

(the nose) …:
lines the superior nasal cavity
contains …

A

olfactory mucosa;

smell receptors

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16
Q

(nasal cavity) respiratory mucosa:
… epithelium;
mucous and serous secretions contain … and …

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar;

lysozyme; defensins

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17
Q

(nasal cavity) …. move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
inspired air is warmed by …
sensory nerve endings triggers …

A

cilia;
plexuses of capillaries and veins;
sneezing

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18
Q

(functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae) during inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa have 3 functions:

  1. …
  2. …
  3. …
A

filter;
heat;
moisten air

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19
Q

(functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae) during exhalation these structures: …

A

reclaim heat and moisture

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20
Q

(pharynx) muscular tube that connects to the
… and … superiorly
… and … inferiorly

A

nasal cavity; mouth;

larynx; esophagus

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21
Q

(pharynx) from the … of the skull to the level of the …

A

base of the skull;

sixth cervical vertebra

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22
Q

(oropharynx) passageway for food and air from the level of the … to the …
lining of … epithelium

A

soft palate; epiglottis;

stratified squamous

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23
Q

(oropharynx) … in the lateral walls of fauces

… on the posterior surface of the tongue

A

palatine tonsils;

lingual tonsil

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24
Q

(laryngopharynx) passageway for .. and …

posterior to the …

A

food; air;

upright epiglottis

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25
Q

(laryngopharynx) extends to the …, where it is also continuous with the …

A

larynx; esophagus

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26
Q

(larynx) attaches to the … bone and opens into the …

continuous with the …

A

hyoid bone; laryngopharynx;

trachea

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27
Q

(larynx) functions:
1. provides a …
2. routes air and food into proper channels
3. …

A

patent airway;

voice production

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28
Q

(larynx) cartilages of the larynx:
… cartilage except for the epiglottis
… cartilage with … prominence (adam’s apple)
ring-shaped … cartilage

A

hyaline;
thyroid; laryngeal;
cricoid

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29
Q

(larynx) …: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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30
Q

(larynx) voice ligaments:
attach the … cartilages to the … cartilage
contain … fibers

A

arytenoid; thyroid;

elastic

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31
Q

(larynx) voice ligaments:
form core of … (… vocal cords)
opening between them is the …

A

vocal folds; true;

glottis

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32
Q

(larynx) voice ligaments:

folds vibrate to produce … as air rushes up from the …

A

sound; lungs

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33
Q

(larynx) … folds (false vocal cords):
superior to the …
no part in sound production
help to close the glottis during …

A

vestibular;
vocal folds;
swallowing

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34
Q

(voice production) speech: intermittent release of … while opening and closing the …
pitch is determined by the … and … of the vocal cords

A

expired air; glottis;

length; tension

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35
Q

(voice production) loudness depends upon the …

A

force of air

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36
Q

(voice production) chambers of …, …, …, and … cavities amplify and enhance sound quality

A

pharynx; oral; nasal; sinus

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37
Q

(voice production) sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the …, …, …, and …

A

pharynx; tongue; soft palate; lips

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38
Q

(larynx) vocal folds may act as a … to prevent air passage
example: … maneuver

A

sphincter;

valsalva’s

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39
Q

(larynx) valsalva’s maneuver:
glottis closes to prevent …
… contract
… pressure rises

A

exhalation;
abdominal muscles;
intra-abdominal pressure

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40
Q

(larynx) valsalva’s maneuver:

helps to … or … the trunk during heavy lifting

A

empty the rectum; stabilizes

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41
Q

(trachea) windpipe: from the … into the …

A

larynx; mediastinum

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42
Q

(trachea) wall composed of three layers;
…: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
…: connective tissue with seromucous glands
…: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

mucosa;
submucosa;
adventitia

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43
Q

(trachea) trachealis muscle:
connects … parts of ….
contracts during coughing to …

A

posterior; cartilage rings;

expel mucus

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44
Q

(trachea) …: last tracheal cartilage

point where trachea branches into two …

A

carina;

bronchi

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45
Q

(bronchi and subdivisions) air passages undergo … orders of branching
branching pattern called the …

A

23;

bronchial (respiratory) tree

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46
Q

(conducting zone structures) trachea: right and left main (…) …

A

primary; bronchi

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47
Q

(conducting zone structures) each main bronchus enters the … of one lung:
right main bronchus is …, …, and more … than the left

A

hilum;
wider;
shorter;
vertical

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48
Q

(conducting zone structures) each main bronchus branches into … bronchi (… right, … left)

A

lobar (secondary); three; two;

49
Q

(conducting zone structures) each lobar bronchus supplies

A

one lobe

50
Q

(conducting zone structures) each lobar bronchus branches into … bronchi, which divide repeatedly

A

segmental; tertiary;

51
Q

(conducting zone structures) bronchioles are less than … in diameter
terminal bronchioles are the smallest, less than … diameter

A

1 mm;

0.5 mm

52
Q

(conducting zone structures) from bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occur:
cartilage rings give way to …; cartilage is … from bronchioles

A

plates; absent

53
Q

(conducting zone structures) from bronchi, through bronchioles, structural changes occur:
epithelium changes from … to …; … and … cells become sparse

A

pseudostratified columnar; cuboidal; cilia; goblet

54
Q

(conducting zone structures) from bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occur:
relative amount of … increases

A

smooth muscle

55
Q

(respiratory zone) respiratory …, …, … (clusters of alveoli)

A

bronchioles;
alveolar ducts;
alveolar sacs

56
Q

(respiratory zone) about 300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs’ … and are the main site for …

A

volume;

gas exchange

57
Q

(respiratory membrane)
about 0.5 micrometer thick …
… and … walls and their fused …

A

air-blood barrier;

alveolar; capillary; basement membranes

58
Q

(respiratory zone) alveolar walls;
single layer of … (… cells)
scattered type II cuboidal cells secrete … and … proteins

A

squamous epithelium; type I;

surfactant; antimicrobial

59
Q

(lungs) occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the …
…: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
… surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces

A

mediastinum;
root;
costal surface

60
Q

(lungs) …: superior tip

..: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

A

apex;

base

61
Q

(lungs) …: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of …, …, …, and …

A 
hilum; 
blood vessels; 
bronchi; 
lymphatic vessels; 
nerves
62
Q

(lungs) … of left lung: concavity that accommodates the heart

A

cardiac notch

63
Q

(lungs) … is smaller, separated into … lobes by an oblique fissure

A

left lung;

two

64
Q

(lungs) right lung has … lobes separated by … and … fissures

A

3;

oblique; horizontal

65
Q

(lungs) … segments (… right, … left)

A

bronchopulmonary; 10; 8-9

66
Q

(lungs) … are the smallest subdivisions; served by … and their branches

A

lobules; bronchioles

67
Q

(blood supply) pulmonary circulation (… pressure, … volume)
pulmonary arteries deliver ….. blood

A

low; high;

systemic venous

68
Q

(blood supply) pulmonary arteries:
branch profusely, along with bronchi
feed into the …
pulmonary veins carry … blood from … to the heart

A

pulmonary capillary networks;
oxygenated;
respiratory zones

69
Q

(blood supply) systemic circulation (… pressure, … volume)
bronchial arteries provide … blood to …

A

high; low;

oxygenated; lung tissue

70
Q

(blood supply) systemic circulation:
bronchial arteries:
arise from … enter the lungs at the …
supply all lung tissue except the …

A

aorta;
hilum;
alveoli

71
Q

(blood supply) bronchial veins anastomose with …

pulmonary veins carry most … blood back to the heart

A

pulmonary veins;

venous

72
Q

(pleurae) thin, double layered serosa
… on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
… on external lung surface

A

parietal pleura;

visceral pleura

73
Q

(pleurae)
… fills the slitlike pleural cavity:
provides … and …

A

pleural fluid;

lubrication; surface tension

74
Q

(mechanics of breathing) pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases:
…: gases flow into the lungs
…: gases exit the lungs

A

inspiration;

expiration

75
Q

…: pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

… at sea level

A

atmospheric pressure;

760 mm Hg

76
Q

respiratory pressures are described relative to …
… is less than Patm
… is greater than Patm
… = Patm

A

Patm;
negative respiratory pressure;
positive respiratory pressure;
zero respiratory pressure

77
Q

intrapulmonary (…) pressure (Ppul):
pressure in the …
fluctuates with …
always eventually … with …

A

intra-alveolar; ‘
alveoli;
breathing; ‘
equalizes; Patm

78
Q

intrapleural pressure (Pip):
pressure in the …
fluctuates with …
always a … pressure (.. and … )

A

pleural cavity;
breathing;
negative;

79
Q

(intrapleural pressure) negative Pip is caused by opposing forces:
1. two inward forces promote lung collapse: … of lungs decreases lung size, … reduces alveolar size

A

elastic recoil;

surface of alveolar fluid

80
Q

(intrapleural pressure) negative Pip is caused by opposing forces:
2. one outward force tends to enlarge the lungs:
… pulls the thorax outward

A

elasticity of the chest wall

81
Q

(pressure relationships) if … the lungs collapse

A

Pip = Ppul

82
Q

(pressure relationships)

… = transpulmonary pressure

A

Ppul - Pip

83
Q

(pressure relationships) transpulmonary pressure:
keeps the …
the greater the transpulmonary pressure, the … the lungs

A

airways open;

larger

84
Q

… (lung collapse) is due to
… –> collapse of …
wound that admits air into pleural cavity (…)

A

atelectasis;
plugged bronchioles; alveoli;
pneumothorax

85
Q

(pulmonary ventilation)
… and …
mechanical processes that depend on … in the thoracic cavity

A

inspiration; expiration;

volume changes

86
Q

(pulmonary ventilation)
volume changes –> … changes
pressure changes –> … to …

A

pressure;

gases flow; equalize pressure

87
Q

(boyle’s law) the relationship between the … and … of a gas

A

pressure; volume

88
Q

(boyle’s law) pressure varies … with volume:

… = …

A

inversely;

P1V1 = P2V2

89
Q

(inspiration) an … process:
inspiratory muscles …
… increases

A

active;
contract;
thoracic volume

90
Q

(inspiration) lungs are … and … increases

A

stretched; intrapulmonary volume

91
Q

(inspiration) intrapulmonary pressure … (to … mm Hg)

air flow s into the lungs, …, until … = …

A

drops; -1;
down its pressure gradient;
Ppul = Patm

92
Q

(inspiration)
1. inspiratory muscles contract (… descends; … rises)
2. thoracic cavity volume increases
3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
4. intrapulmonary pressure drops to - 1 mm HG
5. air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is … (equal to atmospheric pressure)

A

diaphragm; rib cage;

0

93
Q

(inspiration) changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions:
ribs are … and sternum … as external intercostals …
diaphragm moves … during contraction

A

elevated; flares; contract;

inferiorly

94
Q

(expiration) quiet expiration is normally a … process:
inspiratory muscles …
thoracic cavity volume …

A

passive;
relax;
decreases

95
Q

(expiration) elastic lungs … and intrapulmonary volume …
Ppul … to … mm Hg
air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until …

A

recoil;
decreases;
rises; +1;
Ppul = 0

96
Q

(expiration) note: forced expiration is an … process: it uses .. and … muscles

A

active;

abdominal; internal intercostal muscles

97
Q

(expiration) sequence of events:
1. inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm …; rib cage … due to recoil of …)
2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
4. intrapulmonary pressure rises +1 mm Hg
5. air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

A

rises;
descends;
costal cartilages

98
Q

(expiration) changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions:
ribs and sternum are … as external intercostals …
diaphragm moves … as it relaxes

A

depressed;
relax;
superiorly

99
Q

intrapulmonary pressure:
pressure inside lung … as lung volume increases during inspiration;
pressure … during expiration

A

decreases;

increases

100
Q

intrapleural pressure:
pleural cavity pressure becomes more … as chest wall expands during inspiration.
returns to … as chest wall recoils

A

negative;

initial value

101
Q

volume of breath:

during each breath, the pressure gradients move … of air into and out of the lungs

A

0.5 L

102
Q

(physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation)
inspiratory muscles consume energy to overcome three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation:
1. …
2. …
3. …

A

airway resistance;
alveolar surface tension;
lung compliance

103
Q

(airway resistance) … is the major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow

A

friction

104
Q

(airway resistance) the relationship between flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (P), is
F = ..

A

delta P/R

105
Q

(airway resistance) delta P is the pressure gradient between the … and the … (… mm HG or less during normal quiet breathing)

A

atmosphere; alveoli;

2

106
Q

(airway resistance) gas flow changes … with resistance

A

inversely

107
Q

(airway resistance) resistance is usually insignificant because of:
… in the first part of the conducting zone
progressive .. of airways as they get smaller, increasing the total …

A

large airway diameters;
branching;
cross-sectional area

108
Q

(airway resistance) resistance disappears at the … where … drives gas movement

A

terminal bronchioles;

diffusion

109
Q

(airway resistance) as airway resistance rises, breathing movements become more …

A

strenuous

110
Q

(airway resistance) severely constricting or obstruction of bronchioles can prevent life-sustaining …, can occur during … and stop …

A

ventilation; acute asthma attacks; ventilation

111
Q

(airway resistance) epinephrine … bronchioles and … air resistance

A

dilates; reduces

112
Q

(alveolar surface tension) surface tension:
attracts liquid molecules to one another at a …
resists any force that tends to … of the liquid

A

gas-liquid interface;

increase the surface area

113
Q

(alveolar surface tension) surfactant:

…-like … and … complex produced by … cells

A

detergent; lipid; protein; type II alveolar

114
Q

(alveolar surface tension)
surfactant:
reduces … of alveolar fluid and discourages …

A

surface tension;

alveolar collapse

115
Q

(alveolar surface tension)
surfactant:
insufficient quantity in … causes … syndrome

A

premature infants;

infant respiratory distress

116
Q

(lung compliance) a measure of the change in … that occurs with a given change in …

A

lung volume; transpulmonary pressure

117
Q

(lung compliance) normally high due to:
… of the lung tissue
…

A

distensibility;

alveolar surface tension

118
Q 
(lung compliance) 
diminished by: 
... (...) 
reduced production of ... 
decreased ... of the thoracic cage
A

nonelastic scar tissue; fibrosis;
surfactant;
flexibility

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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