Exam 4 Lec Notes Contd 2

Question 1

vit D directly responsible for control mechanisms of … by …

Answer 1

calcium absorption; GI system

Question 2

kidneys affect long term BP by affecting … in the body –> losing … to lower BP, or increase it by losing … via …

Answer 2

volume of blood;
blood plasma;
less water;
urine

Question 3

different size nephrons that fit and … in such a way that the amount of nephrons are ..

Answer 3

overlap;

maximized

Question 4

juxtamedullary nephrons have … loops of Henle

…, … and … all in cortex for these nephrons

Answer 4

much longer;
glomerulus;
PCT;
DCT

Question 5

collecting ducts come together into the …

Answer 5

papillary duct

Question 6

if a lot of blood volume is lost, … cells will slow rate at which blood is flowing through each individual glomerular capillary to filter … to …

Answer 6

mesangial;
less blood;
lose less water

Question 7

kidney tissue that isn’t nephron is filled with …

Answer 7

peritubular flud

Question 8

water always follows …
water form thin segment will follow sodium and chloride ions being pumped out of …
helps … the amount of fluid that’s inside the loops of Henle, which helps to …

Answer 8

salt;
thick segment;
concentrate;
conserve water

Question 9

… is what moves fluid through DCT. In PCT there are … to help with this

Answer 9

blood pressure;

microvilli

Question 10

collecting ducts actively …. to conserve water if necessary. if excess of water, they don’t do this

Answer 10

move out water

Question 11

primarily excreting … waste products, because these cannot be … and so they must be excreted

Answer 11

nitrogenous;

recycled

Question 12

manufacture of nitrogenous compounds is …, not worth the energy to recycle them. it’s more energy efficient to … the waste products

Answer 12

energy dependent;

eliminate

Question 13

… responsible for pumping things out of interior of certain sections of nephrons. if there’s more “stuff” than are carriers, it can’t be … and will be … via …

Answer 13

proteins;
retained;
eliminated;
urine

Question 14

can directly measure, through comparison of known values, how much of a certain thing a person should be … and can get a relative measure of how well their kidney’s are functioning

Answer 14

reabsorbing

Question 15

if glucose is in blood, it can either tell you that person is suffering from … or if they have …

Answer 15

kidney failure;

type I diabetes

Question 16

why renal threshold for amino acids is low is because people probably didn’t evolve eating large amounts of …

Answer 16

protein rich meals

Question 17

ascending limb … in interstitial fluid, causing water in descending limb through … to leave descending limb and try and … concentration of sodium and chloride ions in interstitial fluid

Answer 17

concentrates salt;
simple osmotic pressure;
dilute

Question 18

loop of Henle:
fluid moving in two …
… system allows for reabsorption of more water than would be reabsorbed otherwise

Answer 18

opposite directions;

countercurrent

Question 19

glucose reabsorbed in …

Answer 19

DCT

Question 20

can further concentrate urine using …, which tells kidneys, particularly cells in DCT and collecting ducts to insert … (…)

Answer 20

antidiuretic hormone;

aquaporins; water holes

Question 21

through ADH and aquaporins water passively flows into …. because it has a high concentration of salts
important for …, in which more aquaporins would be added
always reclaiming some water; some ADH always being secreted

Answer 21

interstitial fluid;

dehydration

Question 22

collecting ducts by themselves actively reabsorbing … L/day

Answer 22

16.8

Question 23

obstetric fistula: … labor, cervix is nor relaxing and uterus is contracting –> puts pressure on where bladder lays adjacent to walls of vagina
fistula = …

Answer 23

protracted;

hole

Question 24

obstetric fistula:
the constant pressure will … in tissue to point where they collapse, and necrosis occurs, such that that tissue …
that hole destroys the bladder, such that urine leaks into … or … all the time.

Answer 24

squeeze capillaries;
dies;
vagina;
uterus

Question 25

obstetric fistula:

unable to actively … inside of body, and it just leaks out

Answer 25

retain urine

Question 26

… has longest loop of henle of any animal –> so efficient at reclaiming water that they never drink liquid water, get enough water from their food

Answer 26

kangaroo rat

Question 27

because … live in freshwater, their kidney have amongst the shortest loops of henle- produce enormous amount of urine because they don’t have to conserve water

Answer 27

beavers