Exam 4 Lec Notes Contd 2 Flashcards
vit D directly responsible for control mechanisms of … by …
calcium absorption; GI system
kidneys affect long term BP by affecting … in the body –> losing … to lower BP, or increase it by losing … via …
volume of blood;
blood plasma;
less water;
urine
different size nephrons that fit and … in such a way that the amount of nephrons are ..
overlap;
maximized
juxtamedullary nephrons have … loops of Henle
…, … and … all in cortex for these nephrons
much longer;
glomerulus;
PCT;
DCT
collecting ducts come together into the …
papillary duct
if a lot of blood volume is lost, … cells will slow rate at which blood is flowing through each individual glomerular capillary to filter … to …
mesangial;
less blood;
lose less water
kidney tissue that isn’t nephron is filled with …
peritubular flud
water always follows …
water form thin segment will follow sodium and chloride ions being pumped out of …
helps … the amount of fluid that’s inside the loops of Henle, which helps to …
salt;
thick segment;
concentrate;
conserve water
… is what moves fluid through DCT. In PCT there are … to help with this
blood pressure;
microvilli
collecting ducts actively …. to conserve water if necessary. if excess of water, they don’t do this
move out water
primarily excreting … waste products, because these cannot be … and so they must be excreted
nitrogenous;
recycled
manufacture of nitrogenous compounds is …, not worth the energy to recycle them. it’s more energy efficient to … the waste products
energy dependent;
eliminate
… responsible for pumping things out of interior of certain sections of nephrons. if there’s more “stuff” than are carriers, it can’t be … and will be … via …
proteins;
retained;
eliminated;
urine
can directly measure, through comparison of known values, how much of a certain thing a person should be … and can get a relative measure of how well their kidney’s are functioning
reabsorbing
if glucose is in blood, it can either tell you that person is suffering from … or if they have …
kidney failure;
type I diabetes
why renal threshold for amino acids is low is because people probably didn’t evolve eating large amounts of …
protein rich meals
ascending limb … in interstitial fluid, causing water in descending limb through … to leave descending limb and try and … concentration of sodium and chloride ions in interstitial fluid
concentrates salt;
simple osmotic pressure;
dilute
loop of Henle:
fluid moving in two …
… system allows for reabsorption of more water than would be reabsorbed otherwise
opposite directions;
countercurrent
glucose reabsorbed in …
DCT
can further concentrate urine using …, which tells kidneys, particularly cells in DCT and collecting ducts to insert … (…)
antidiuretic hormone;
aquaporins; water holes
through ADH and aquaporins water passively flows into …. because it has a high concentration of salts
important for …, in which more aquaporins would be added
always reclaiming some water; some ADH always being secreted
interstitial fluid;
dehydration
collecting ducts by themselves actively reabsorbing … L/day
16.8
obstetric fistula: … labor, cervix is nor relaxing and uterus is contracting –> puts pressure on where bladder lays adjacent to walls of vagina
fistula = …
protracted;
hole
obstetric fistula:
the constant pressure will … in tissue to point where they collapse, and necrosis occurs, such that that tissue …
that hole destroys the bladder, such that urine leaks into … or … all the time.
squeeze capillaries;
dies;
vagina;
uterus
obstetric fistula:
unable to actively … inside of body, and it just leaks out
retain urine
… has longest loop of henle of any animal –> so efficient at reclaiming water that they never drink liquid water, get enough water from their food
kangaroo rat
because … live in freshwater, their kidney have amongst the shortest loops of henle- produce enormous amount of urine because they don’t have to conserve water
beavers
