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Mammalian Physiology > Lab 2 Exam > Flashcards

Lab 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

the major function of the cardiovascular system is …

A

transportation

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2
Q

cardiovascular system:
transport vehicle - ….
system carries …, …, cell …., …, and other substances vital to homeostasis
system’s propulsive force - …

A 
blood; 
oxygen; 
digested foods; 
wastes; 
electrolytes; 
contracting heart
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3
Q

heart, a cone-shaped organ approximately the size of the fist, is located within the …, or …, of the thorax

A

mediastinum; medial cavity

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4
Q

heart is flanked laterally by the …, posteriorly by the …, and anteriorly by the …

A

lungs; vertebral column; sternum

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5
Q

the heart’s more pointed … extends slightly to the left and rests on the diaphragm,, approximately at the level of the … intercostal space

A

apex;

fifth;

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6
Q

the heart’s broader .., from which the …emerge, lies beneath the second rib and points toward the right shoulder

A

base;

great vessels

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7
Q

apical pulse can be heard in the … intercostal space at the …

A

5th;

point of maximal intensity

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8
Q

the heart is enclosed within a double-walled sac called the … the loose-fitting superficial part of the sac is the …
deep to it is the …, which lines the fibrous pericardium as the …

A

pericardium;
fibrous pericardium;
serous pericardium;
parietal layer

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9
Q

at the base of the heart, the parietal layer reflects back to cover the external surface of the heart as the …, or … – an integral part of the heart wall
… produced by these layers allows the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless environment

A

visceral layer; epicardium;

serous fluid

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10
Q

…: inflammation of the pericardium, which causes painful adhesions between the serous pericardial layers. these adhesions interfere with heart movements

A

pericarditis

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11
Q

the walls of the heart are composed primarily of cardiac muscle - the … - which is reinforced internally by a dense fibrous connective tissue network. this network - the fibrous … - is more elaborate and thicker in certain areas, for example, around the … and at the base of the … leaving the heart

A

myocardium; cardiac skeleton; valves; great vessels

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12
Q

the heart is divided into four chambers: two superior … and two inferior .., each lined by thin serous endothelium called the …

A

atria; ventricles; endocardium

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13
Q

the septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as the … or …, depending on which chambers it partitions

A

interatrial; interventricular septum

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14
Q

functionally, the atria are receiving chambers are relatively ineffective as …
blood flows into the atria under … from the veins of the body

A

pumps;

low pressure

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15
Q

the right atrium receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the body via the … and … and the …
four … deliver oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

superior; inferior venae cavae;

pulmonary veins

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16
Q

the inferior thick-walled ventricles, which form the bulk of the heart, are the … chambers
they force blood out of the heart into the large arteries that emerge from its base. the right ventricle pumps blood into the …, which routes blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. the left ventricle discharges blood into the …, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues.

A

discharging;
pulmonary trunk;
aorta

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17
Q

discussions of the heart’s pumping action usually refer to …

A

ventricular activity

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18
Q

the .. valves, located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

A

atrioventricular

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19
Q

the left atrioventricular valve, called the … or … valve, consists of two cusps, or flaps, of endocardium.
the right atrioventricular valve, called the … valve, has three cusps.
tiny white collagenic cords called the … anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls

A

mitral; bicuspid;
tricuspid;
chordae tendinae;

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20
Q

the chordae tendineae originate from small bundles of cardiac muscle, called …, that project from the myocardial wall

A

papillary muscles

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21
Q

when blood is flowing passively into the atria and then into the ventricles during … (the period of ventricular filling), the AV valve flaps hang limply into the ventricular chambers and then are carried passively toward the atria by the accumulating blood

A

diastole

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22
Q

the contraction of the ventricles, called …, compresses the blood in their chambers; the intraventricular blood pressure rises and causes the valve flaps to be reflected …, which closes the AV valves

A

systole;

superiorly

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23
Q

the chordae tendinae anchor the flaps in a closed position that prevents backflow into the … during ventricular contraction. if unanchored, the flaps would blow upward into the … like an umbrella being turned inside out by a strong wind

A

atria; atria

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24
Q

the second set of valves, the … and … (…) valves, each made up of … pocketlike cusps, guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

A

pulmonary; aortic; semilunar; three

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25
Q

the heart functions as a double pump. the right side serves ad the … pump, shunting the CO2-rich blood entering its chambers to the lungs to unload CO2 and pick up oxygen, and then back to the left side of the heart.
the function of the pulmonary circuit is strictly to provide for …

A

pulmonary circulation;

gas exchange

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26
Q

the second circuit of the heart, which carries oxygen-rich blood from the left heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart, is called the …
it provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues

A

systemic circulation

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27
Q

the functional blood supply of the heart is provided by the …

A

coronary arteries

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28
Q

the … issue from the base of the aorta just above the aortic semilunar valve and encircle the heart in the … at the junction of the atria and ventricles.

A

right and left coronary arteries;

coronary sulcus

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29
Q

the right coronary artery supplies the … surface of the ventricles and the … aspect of the heart, largely through its … and … branches

A

posterior;
lateral;
posterior interventricular;
right marginal artery

30
Q

the left coronary artery supplies the … ventricular walls and the … part of the left side of the heart via its two major branches, the … (also called the …) and the … artery

A

anterior;
laterodorsal;
anterior interventricular artery; left anterior descending artery;
circumflex artery

31
Q

the coronary arteries and their branches are … during systole and … when the heart is relaxed

A

compressed; fill

32
Q

the myocardium is largely drained by the …, …, and … cardiac veins, which empty into the …, which in turn, empties into the right atrium.
in addition, several … empty directly into the right atrium

A

great; middle; small cardiac veins;
coronary sinus;
anterior cardiac veins

33
Q

cardiac muscle is …, ensuring a constant blood supply
the cardiac cells, crisscrossed by connective tissue fibers for strength, are arranged in … or figure 8 shaped bundles
when the heart contracts, its internal chambers become … (or are temporarily obliterated), forcing the blood into the large arteries leaving the heart

A

involuntary;
spiral;
smaller

34
Q

cardiac muscle has … cells and areas where the cells interdigitate (…), which both provide a continuity to cardiac muscle not seen in other muscle tissues and allow close coordination of heart activity

A

branching;

intercalated discs

35
Q

…: earlike flaps of tissue projecting from the atrial chambers

A

auricles

36
Q

… (…): splits to form the right carotid and subclavian arteries, which supply the right side of the head and right forelimb, respectively

A

brachiocephalic artery; trunk

37
Q

…: cordlike remnant of the …, which in the fetus, allows blood to pass directly form the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, thus bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs

A

ligamentum arteriosum;

ductus arteriosus

38
Q

…: comblike ridges of muscle throughout most of the right atrium

A

pectinate muscle

39
Q

…: an oval depression in the interatrial septum which marks the site of an opening in the fetal heart, the …, which allows blood to pass from the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the fetal lungs

A

fossa ovalis;

foramen ovale

40
Q

…: the pitted and ridged appearance of the inner ventricular muscle

A

trabeculae carneae

41
Q

…: … band; a bundle of cardiac muscle fibers connecting the interventricular septum to anterior papillary muscles. it contains a branch of the atrioventricular bundle and helps coordinate contraction of the ventricle

A

moderator; septomarginal

42
Q

heart contraction results from a series of … that travel through the heart preliminary to each beat.
because cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by gap junctions, the entire myocardium behaves like a single unit, a …

A

depolarization waves;

functional syncytium

43
Q

two types of controlling systems exert their effects on heart activity.
one of these involves nerves of the …, which accelerate/decelerate the heartbeat rate depending on which division is activated.
the second system is the … of the heart, consisting of specialized noncontractile myocardial tissue.

A

autonomic nervous system;

intrinsic conduction system

44
Q

the intrinsic conductions system ensures that heart muscle depolarizes in an … and … manner, from atria to ventricles, and that the heart beats as a …

A

orderly;
sequential;
coordinated unit

45
Q

the components of the intrinsic conduction system include the .., located in the right atrium just inferior to the entrance to the superior vena cava; the … int he lower atrial septum at the junction of the atria dn ventricles; the … and right and left …, located in the …; and the …

A 
sinoatrial (SA) node; 
atrioventricular (AV) node; 
AV bundle (bundle of His); 
bundle branches; 
subendocardial conducting network
46
Q

the subendocardial conducting network, also called …, consists essentially of long strands of barrel-shaped cells called ..,. which ramify within the muscle bundles of the ventricular walls
this network is much denser and more elaborate in the … because of the larger size of this chamber

A

purkinje fibers;
purkinje myocytes;
left ventricle

47
Q

the … node, which has the highest rate of discharge, provides the stimulus for contraction. because it sets the rate of depolarization for the heart as a whole, the SA node is often referred to as the …

A

SA;

pacemaker

48
Q

from the sa node, the impulse spreads throughout the atria and to the … node. this electrical wave is immediately followed by …

A

AV node;

atrial contraction

49
Q

at the AV node, the impulse is momentarily delayed (about .. sec) allowing the atria to complete their contraction. it then passes through the …, the …, and the …, finally resulting in …

A 
0.1; 
AV bundle; 
right and left bundle branches; 
subendocardial conducting network; 
ventricular contraction
50
Q

the atria and ventricles are separated from one another by a region of electrically inert connective tissue, so the depolarization wave can be transmitted to the ventricles only via the tract between the … and ….. Thus, any damage to the AV node-bundle pathway partially or totally … from the influence of the SA node.

A

AV node;
AV bundle;
insulates the ventricles

51
Q

the nodal system sets the rate of … and synchronizes heart activity

A

heart depolarization ♥️

52
Q

the conduction of impulses through the ❤️ generates …that eventually spread throughout the body. these impulses can be detected on the body’s surface and recorded with an instrument called an …

A

electrical currents;

electrocardiograph

53
Q

the graphic recording of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle is called an …

A

electrocardiogram

54
Q

ECG is a record of … and … – nothing else.

an ECG records electrical events occurring in relatively large amounts of muscle tissue, not the activity of … which, like …, can only be inferred

A

voltage; time;

nodal tissue; muscle contraction

55
Q

abnormalities of the deflection waves and changes in the time intervals of the ECG are useful in detecting … or problems with the conduction system of the heart

A

myocardial infarcts

56
Q

the … represents the time between the beginning of atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization. it typically includes the period during which the depolarization wave passes to the …, atrial …, and the passage of the excitation wave to the balance of the conducting system.

A

P-R interval;
AV node;
systole

57
Q

generally, the P-R interval is about … - … s

a longer interval may suggest a partial … caused by damage to the AV node

A

0.12; 0.2;

AV heart block

58
Q

in …, no impulses are transmitted through the AV node, and the atria and ventricles beat independently of one another - the atria at the SA node rate and the ventricles at their intrinsic rate, which is considerably slower

A

total heart block

59
Q

…: start of P deflection to return to isoelectric line
…: start of P deflection to start of Q deflection
….: start of Q deflection to S return to isoelectric line

A

P wave;
P-R interval;
QRS complex

60
Q

…: end of S deflection to start of T wave
….: start of Q deflection to end of T wave
…: start of T deflection to return to isoelectric line

A

S-T segment;
Q-T interval;
T wave

61
Q

…: end of T wave to start of next P wave

…: peak of R wave to peak of next R wave

A

T-P segment;

R-R interval

62
Q

The S-T segment is a very important area to examine when evaluating the ECG. elevation of this segment is characteristic of a …

A

myocardial infarct

63
Q

a prolonged QRS complex (normally about … s) may indicate a … block in which one ventricle is contracting later than the other

A

0.08;

right or left bundle branch block

64
Q

The Q-T interval is the period from the beginning of … through … and includes the time of … (the … segment). With a heart rate of 70 beats/min, this interval is normally 0.32-0.38 s.

A

ventricular depolarization;
repolarization;
ventricular contraction;
S-T

65
Q

the repolarization of the atria, which occurs during the …, is generally obscured by the …

A

QRS interval;

large QRS complex.

66
Q

a heart rate over 100 beats/min is referred to as …
a rate below 60 beats/min is …
although neither condition is pathological, prolonged tachycardia may progress to …, a condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions which makes the heart useless as a pump.

A

tachycardia; bradycardia;

fibrillation

67
Q

bradycardia in athletes is a positive finding; that is, it indicates an increased efficiency of cardiac functioning. because … (the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each contraction) increases with physical conditioning, the heart can contract more slowly and still meet … demands

A

stroke volume;

circulatory

68
Q

Twelve standard leads are used to record an ECG for diagnostic purposes. Three of these are…. leads that measure the voltage difference between the arms, or an arm and a leg, and nine are …. leads. Together the 12 leads provide a fairly comprehensive picture of the electrical activ- ity of the heart

A

bipolar;

unipolar

69
Q

electrical activity recorded by any lead depends on the … and … of the recording electrodes. Clinically, it is assumed that the heart lies in the center of a triangle with sides of equal lengths (… triangle) and that the recording connections are made at the vertices (corners) of that triangle. But in practice, the electrodes connected to each arm and to the left leg are considered to connect to the ….

A

location; orientation;
Einthoven’s;
triangle vertices

70
Q

the standard limb leads record the voltages generated in the … surrounding the heart by the ion flows occurring simultaneously in many cells between any two of the connections

A

extracellular fluids

71
Q 
a recording using lead I, which connects the ... and the ..., is most sensitive to electrical activity spreading horizontally across the heart. 
Lead II (RA-LL) and lead III (LA-LL) record activity along the ... (from the base of the heart to its apex) but from different orientations
A

right arm; left arm;

vertical axis

72
Q

the significance of Einthoven’s triangle is that the sum of the voltages of leads I and III equals that in lead … (…). hence, if the voltages of two of the standard leads are recorded, that of the third lead can be determined mathematically

A

II; Einthoven’s law;

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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