Intro to Psychology: Unit 3 Chapter 9

Question 1

What are Motives?

Answer 1

Need, wants, interests, and desires that propel people towards behavior.

Question 2

What is Motivation?

Answer 2

Goal-directed behavior

Question 3

What is the DRIVE THEORY approach to motivation?

Answer 3

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

Ex: Sweating to cool down or turning on the fan

Question 4

What is the INCENTIVE THEORY approach to motivation?

Answer 4

External goals that motivate ate behavior.

Ex: Ice cream is more of an incentive than a carrot to a child.

Question 5

What is the EVOLUTIONARY THEORY approach to motivation?

Answer 5

Our drives are shaped by evolutionary pressures and serve the purpose of survival and reproduction.

Ex: Hunger and thirst motivate us to seek food and water

Question 6

What are the 2 areas that are important in hunger?

Answer 6

Hypothalamus & Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Question 7

What is ghrelin?

Answer 7

A neurotransmitter in the nervous system and hormone in the endocrine system, that is associated with hunger and increased food intake.

Question 8

When blood sugar goes ____, hunger goes _____

Answer 8

Down; up

Question 9

What are Glucostats?

Answer 9

Neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid.

Question 10

What are hormones?

Answer 10

Chemical substances released by endocrine glands, circulating in the blood, and related to hunger.

Question 11

What is Insulin?

Answer 11

A hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels, enabling the body to use or store glucose for energy.

Increased insulin = increased hunger

Question 12

What is Leptin?

Answer 12

Regulates long-term hunger response.

Question 13

What are the 4 Food related cues (environmental factors)?

Answer 13

1. Palatability
2. Quantity
3. Stress
4. Exposure to food cues

Question 14

What are 3 learned preferences and habits?

Answer 14

1. Learned association (classical conditioning)
2. Eating habits shaped (Observational Learning)
3. Food preferences (exposure)

Question 15

Who outlined the 4 stages in the sexual response cycle?

Answer 15

William Masters & Virginia Johnson

Question 16

What are the 4 stages in the sexual response cycle?

Answer 16

1. Excitement Phase (initial arousal)
   - sweating, breathing, BP will increase
2. Plateau Phase
   - physiological arousal builds but at a much slower pace
3. Orgasm Phase
   - Peak Intensity
4. Resolution Phase
   - a sense of relaxation and return to a baseline state after sexual activity.

Question 17

Describe Male Sexual motivation (biological, evolutionary, behavioral)

Answer 17

Biological - Minimal energy during reproduction
Evolutionary - Seeking more partners
Behavioral - Interested in more and uncommitted partners.
TESTOSTERONE

Question 18

Describe Female Sexual motivation (biological, evolutionary, behavioral)

Answer 18

Biological - Maximal energy during reproduction
Evolutionary - Seeking less partners
Behavioral - Interested in just one commitment/less partners.
ESTROGEN

Question 19

What is Sexual orientation?

Answer 19

Sexual preference

Question 20

What does achievement mean?

Answer 20

The need to master challenges

Question 21

What does TAT mean? (EXTRA CREDIT)

Answer 21

Thematic apperception Test - people write stories about what’s happening in a picture, and it typically projects parts of their own life unconsciously and consciously.

Question 22

What is an emotion and the 3 subsections of emotion?

Answer 22

A subjective conscious experience
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral

Question 23

Emotion: Cognitive

Answer 23

How does one think about the experience

Question 24

Emotion: Physiological

Answer 24

Anything Bodily

Ex: Sweating

Question 25

Emotion: Behavioral

Answer 25

Expression of the emotion

Ex: Running away, screaming, grabbing

Question 26

What are the correlations between emotions and color? (EXTRA CREDITTTTT)

Answer 26

Colors can evoke a wide range of emotions and feelings, often based on biological, psychological, and cultural factors

Question 27

The physiological arousal or responses associated with occur through actions of the ________, hence it is sometimes called _________

Answer 27

Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Arousal

Question 28

What is the pathway that nervous system information travels in the ANS?

Answer 28

Thalamus to the Amygdala to the Hypothalamus.

Question 29

What is the Amygdala?

Answer 29

Regulates emotion.

Ex: Impulsive emotional actions like hitting someone with a bat when they attack your spouse.

Question 30

What is the pre-frontal cortex?

Answer 30

Voluntary Control over emotional reactions.

Ex: Deciding to take a bat and hit someone.

Question 31

What is the James-Lange Theory?

Answer 31

Event happens, then physiological response, interpretation, and emotion in that order.

See snake, pulse races, you feel afraid because your pulse is racing, then you RUN.

Question 32

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

Answer 32

Event, physiological response AND emotion at the same time together.

See a snake, information is sent to thalamus, and then to cortex AND autonomic nervous system.

Question 33

What is the Schacter Theory?

Answer 33

Event, physiological response, identifying the reason and then emotion.

If there’s a snake, you feel fear, but you feel the fear before KNOWING there’s a reason.

Question 34

What is Affective Forecasting?

Answer 34

People are bad at predicting what will make them happy.

Question 35

What are things that PREDICT happiness?

Answer 35

Relationships, Work, Genetics, Personality

Question 36

What are things that DO NOT PREDICT happiness?

Answer 36

Money, Age, Intelligence or Attractiveness, Parenthood