Intro to Psychology: Unit 3 Chapter 9 Flashcards
What are Motives?
Need, wants, interests, and desires that propel people towards behavior.
What is Motivation?
Goal-directed behavior
What is the DRIVE THEORY approach to motivation?
An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.
Ex: Sweating to cool down or turning on the fan
What is the INCENTIVE THEORY approach to motivation?
External goals that motivate ate behavior.
Ex: Ice cream is more of an incentive than a carrot to a child.
What is the EVOLUTIONARY THEORY approach to motivation?
Our drives are shaped by evolutionary pressures and serve the purpose of survival and reproduction.
Ex: Hunger and thirst motivate us to seek food and water
What are the 2 areas that are important in hunger?
Hypothalamus & Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
What is ghrelin?
A neurotransmitter in the nervous system and hormone in the endocrine system, that is associated with hunger and increased food intake.
When blood sugar goes ____, hunger goes _____
Down; up
What are Glucostats?
Neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid.
What are hormones?
Chemical substances released by endocrine glands, circulating in the blood, and related to hunger.
What is Insulin?
A hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels, enabling the body to use or store glucose for energy.
Increased insulin = increased hunger
What is Leptin?
Regulates long-term hunger response.
What are the 4 Food related cues (environmental factors)?
- Palatability
- Quantity
- Stress
- Exposure to food cues
What are 3 learned preferences and habits?
- Learned association (classical conditioning)
- Eating habits shaped (Observational Learning)
- Food preferences (exposure)
Who outlined the 4 stages in the sexual response cycle?
William Masters & Virginia Johnson
What are the 4 stages in the sexual response cycle?
- Excitement Phase (initial arousal)
- sweating, breathing, BP will increase - Plateau Phase
- physiological arousal builds but at a much slower pace - Orgasm Phase
- Peak Intensity - Resolution Phase
- a sense of relaxation and return to a baseline state after sexual activity.
Describe Male Sexual motivation (biological, evolutionary, behavioral)
Biological - Minimal energy during reproduction
Evolutionary - Seeking more partners
Behavioral - Interested in more and uncommitted partners.
TESTOSTERONE
Describe Female Sexual motivation (biological, evolutionary, behavioral)
Biological - Maximal energy during reproduction
Evolutionary - Seeking less partners
Behavioral - Interested in just one commitment/less partners.
ESTROGEN
What is Sexual orientation?
Sexual preference
What does achievement mean?
The need to master challenges
What does TAT mean? (EXTRA CREDIT)
Thematic apperception Test - people write stories about what’s happening in a picture, and it typically projects parts of their own life unconsciously and consciously.
What is an emotion and the 3 subsections of emotion?
A subjective conscious experience
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral
Emotion: Cognitive
How does one think about the experience
Emotion: Physiological
Anything Bodily
Ex: Sweating
Emotion: Behavioral
Expression of the emotion
Ex: Running away, screaming, grabbing
What are the correlations between emotions and color? (EXTRA CREDITTTTT)
Colors can evoke a wide range of emotions and feelings, often based on biological, psychological, and cultural factors
The physiological arousal or responses associated with occur through actions of the ________, hence it is sometimes called _________
Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Arousal
What is the pathway that nervous system information travels in the ANS?
Thalamus to the Amygdala to the Hypothalamus.
What is the Amygdala?
Regulates emotion.
Ex: Impulsive emotional actions like hitting someone with a bat when they attack your spouse.
What is the pre-frontal cortex?
Voluntary Control over emotional reactions.
Ex: Deciding to take a bat and hit someone.
What is the James-Lange Theory?
Event happens, then physiological response, interpretation, and emotion in that order.
See snake, pulse races, you feel afraid because your pulse is racing, then you RUN.
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
Event, physiological response AND emotion at the same time together.
See a snake, information is sent to thalamus, and then to cortex AND autonomic nervous system.
What is the Schacter Theory?
Event, physiological response, identifying the reason and then emotion.
If there’s a snake, you feel fear, but you feel the fear before KNOWING there’s a reason.
What is Affective Forecasting?
People are bad at predicting what will make them happy.
What are things that PREDICT happiness?
Relationships, Work, Genetics, Personality
What are things that DO NOT PREDICT happiness?
Money, Age, Intelligence or Attractiveness, Parenthood
