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EVERYTHING ELMHURST > Anatomy: Physiology of Tissues and Integument > Flashcards

Anatomy: Physiology of Tissues and Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nervous Tissue, its Location, and what TWO Cells are involved?

A

CONTROL (Information)
Location: Brain, Spinal Cord
Cells:
Neurons - Generate electrical Impulses
Neuroglial Cells - Supportive Cells (Majority of the nervous tissue)

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2
Q

What is the Muscular Tissue, and the 3 kinds of Muscular Tissue?

A

FORCE OR MOVEMENT
Skeletal: Attached to bones
Cardiac: Walls of the heart
Smooth: Walls of other organs

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3
Q

What is the Epithelial Tissue & its function?

A

COVERS, in charge of protection, secretion, transportation, immune defense, etc.
Also involved in the glands

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4
Q

What is Connective Tissue and what are examples of it?

A

Connects and binds parts together.
Ex: Fat, fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

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5
Q

How does the process of Tissue Repair work?

A

In epithelial tissues, regeneration is very rapid and prominent. Most connective tissues are highly regenerative (Cartilage is avascular so it is an exception).

Positive Feedback loop is the primary process in the repair process.

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6
Q

How do cells regenerate in the process of Tissue Repair?

A

Through Mitosis – dead/damaged cells and removed and replaced which maintains homeostasis (Not all cells can undergo mitosis)

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7
Q

What are some tissues that cannot undergo Mitosis?

A

Neurons, cardiac muscular tissues – cannot undergo mitosis, so the tissue is replaced with scar tissue.

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8
Q

What is the Integument?

A

Skin (Organ System)

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9
Q

What are the components of the Integument (skin)?

A

Epidermis- Composed of KERATINIZED Stratified Squamous epithelium
Dermis- Deep towards basement membrane, composed of irregular connective tissues.

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10
Q

What are the Integumentary System Functions?

A

Protection, sensation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis

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11
Q

Describe the steps to Epidermal growth and Keratinization

A
  1. Cell Division (Mitosis)
  2. Migration: Cells move upwards through layers of epidermis.
  3. Keratinization: Cells are filled with keratin, losing their nuclei, forming a tough, protective layer.
  4. Desquamation: Dead cells shed from surface

Process continually renews in order to protect the skin

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12
Q

What are the functions & properties of the Dermis?

A

Provides blood supply for epidermis, anchors the epidermis in place, and is flexible in being able to stretch and come back into place due to collagen fibers.

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13
Q

What are Skin markings primarily for?

A

Grip

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14
Q

What are Tension Lines?

A

Natural orientation of collagen fibers within the skin.
They show where the skin has the greatest tensile strength.
Surgical Cuts made parallel to tension lines heal faster and better than perpendicular to.

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15
Q

What is Melanin?

A

Protects skin from UV radiation.
Amount of melanin determines skin color.

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16
Q

What is the function of Hair?

A

Protects skin of scalp from UV radiation, detects changes in environment (sensory receptor), protects unwanted substances from entering various pathways.

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17
Q

How is hair formed?

A

Mitosis and keratinization.
Visible hair is keratinized and dead.

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18
Q

What is hair pigment determined by?

A

The lighter the hair, the less melanin.
Red hair is a specialized reddish pigment containing iron.

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19
Q

Explain the three burns and how they affect the body

A

First Degree: Impacts the epidermis
Second Degree: Impacts the epidermis and dermis
Third Degree: Impacts epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. (Can be life threatening and medication cannot be administered immediately as it impedes the healing process)

20
Q

What is Skin Cancer?

A

Most common cancer, out of control mutations/cell division in the skin.

21
Q

What is the Eccrine? (Integument)

A

Sweat gland that secretes water containing primarily electrolytes which cools down body. (Water has high heat capacity)

22
Q

What is the apocrine glands? (Integument)

A

Sweat gland in primarily armpits and genitalia, releases pheromones through sweat.

23
Q

Is the epidermis avascular or does it have a blood supply?

A

Avascular

24
Q

What is the Stratum Basale and what is its function?

A

Single layer of stem cells attached to basement membrane of Epidermis.
Responsible for making new cells for replacing dead keratinized cells, and vitamin D synthesis as well.

25
Q

What is the Stratum Spinosum and where is it located?

A

Thickest layer of the Epidermis, on TOP of the Stratum Basale.
Provides strength & flexibility.

26
Q

What is the Stratum Granulosa and where it is Located?

A

Thin 3-5 layers above Stratum spinosum and below Stratum Corneum.
Prevents fluid loss in the body

27
Q

What is the Stratumn Lucidem and where is it Located?

A

Between the Stratum Granulosum and the Stratum Corneum.
Reduces friction between Stratum Granulosum & Corneum.

28
Q

What is the Stratum Corneum and where is it Located?

A

Outermost layer of the epidermis.
Prevents unwanted materials from ENTERING, and an abundance of water/fluid from EXITING.

29
Q

What are the Langerhans Cells and where is it Located?

A

It is in the Stratum Spinosum, protect skin and deeper tissues from pathogens.

30
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

OVAL Cells with Sensory receptors that detect light touch.

31
Q

What are Melanocytes and where is it Located?

A

Located in Stratum Basale, produces MELANIN

32
Q

What is the Lamellar Corpuscle and where is it Located?

A

Largest Sensory Receptor – vibrations and deep pressure
Majority in palmar and plantar – but also found in neck, arms, and genitalia.

33
Q

What is the Papillary Layer?

A

Thinner, superficial layer of the epidermis.

34
Q

What are some accessory structures of the Integument?

A

Hair, nails, glands – Things found ONLy in the EPITHELIUM

35
Q

What are Nails?

A

Dead Keratinized Cells composed of stratified squamous epithelium with a different shape than Hair.

36
Q

What is the Nail Plate?

A

The most visible component of nail.

37
Q

What is the Nail Body?

A

Visible portion of nail plate.

38
Q

What is the Nail Root?

A

Portion of plate under the skin.

39
Q

What are the intermembranes?

A

The area between the inner and outer nuclear membranes.
Essential for coordinating respiration and metabolic functions.

40
Q

What are the 3 types of Skin Cancer?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Melanoma

41
Q

Hair Shaft

A

The visible part of hair that extends above the skin,

42
Q

Hair Root

A

The part of the hair embedded in the follicle, extending from the hair bulb into the dermis

43
Q

Hair Bulb

A

The rounded base of the hair root within the follicle, containing living cells that produce the hair shaft.

44
Q

Hair Follicle

A

A tubular structure in the skin surrounding the hair root, responsible for hair growth and containing the hair bulb and sebaceous glands.

45
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

A small smooth muscle attached to the hair follicle that contracts to raise hair (causing “goosebumps”)

45
Q

Hair Papilla

A

A small, nipple-shaped structure at the base of the hair bulb that supplies nutrients and signals for hair growth

EVERYTHING ELMHURST (17 decks)

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