Anatomy II - 5 Core Concepts & Endocrine System Anatomy

Question 1

5 Core Concepts: Evolution

Answer 1

Life changing and being modified over time.
Ex: Humans having darker skin closer to the equator.

Question 2

5 Core Concepts: Structure & Function

Answer 2

The structural complexity of an organism & how it allows it to operate.
Ex: The skeleton being a support for day-to-day functions, the rectus femoris allowing the knee to extend.

Question 3

5 Core Concepts: Information Flow

Answer 3

The behavior of organisms is seen through the expression of genetic information.
Ex: DNA & RNA, hormone regulation, the process of genetic info being passed onto offsprings

Question 4

5 Core Concepts: Pathways of Energy

Answer 4

The body being transformed and changed from metabolic processes, and utilizing energy to maintain life.
Ex: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 5

5 Core Concepts: Systems

Answer 5

Systems in living organisms work together and interact to create optimal results. Ex: Respiratory system brings air and delivers oxygen to the circulatory system which carries the oxygen throughout the body.

Question 6

Define: Endocrine Glands

Answer 6

Group of organs/tissue that make & secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 7

What are the two types of organs?

Answer 7

Primary & Secondary organs

Question 8

Define: Primary Organ

Answer 8

ONLY endocrine functions (via hormone production)

Ex: The pituitary gland produces hormones that controls all other glands

Question 9

Define: Secondary Organ

Answer 9

Endocrine AND non-endocrine functions (hormone production and other tasks)

Ex: The heart secretes hormones AND regulates blood pressure

Question 10

Primary Endocrine Organs: Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 10

• Sphenoid bone of the skull
  “Master gland” because it controls several other endocrine glands through the secretion of hormones.

Question 11

Primary Endocrine Organs: Thyroid gland

Answer 11

• Anterior Neck
  Consists of two lobes and is responsible for producing thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism

Question 12

Primary Endocrine Organs: Parathyroid gland

Answer 12

• Positioned on the posterior side of the thyroid gland
  Responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Question 13

Primary Endocrine Organs: Adrenal Cortices

Answer 13

• Located on the superior side (top) of each kidney.
  Produces hormones like cortisol and androgens that help manage stress, regulate blood pressure, and balance electrolytes.

Question 14

Primary Endocrine Organs: Thymus

Answer 14

• Located in the superior mediastinum, in the chest region behind the sternum, and between the lungs.
  Producing T lymphocytes (T cells), which are important for immune function

Question 15

Primary Endocrine Organs: Endocrine Pancreas

Answer 15

• Found on the left side of the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach
  Secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.

Question 16

Secondary Endocrine Organs (Just List them/know them)

Answer 16

Heart, kidneys, small intestines, testes, and ovaries
AND
Neuroendocrine Organs:
Hypothalamus, pineal gland in the brain, adrenal medulla in core of the adrenal gland,

Question 17

Each of the secondary endocrine organs consist of ______ tissue.

Answer 17

Nervous

Question 18

What does Nervous Tissue do in secondary endocrine system?

Answer 18

Secrete Chemicals that act as hormones (neurohormones)

Question 19

Calcitonin vs Parathyroid

Answer 19

Antagonists
When calcium levels are high, calcitonin drops blood calcium, and when they are low, parathyroid gland releases PTH to increase blood calcium levels.