Anatomy II - 5 Core Concepts & Endocrine System Anatomy Flashcards
5 Core Concepts: Evolution
Life changing and being modified over time.
Ex: Humans having darker skin closer to the equator.
5 Core Concepts: Structure & Function
The structural complexity of an organism & how it allows it to operate.
Ex: The skeleton being a support for day-to-day functions, the rectus femoris allowing the knee to extend.
5 Core Concepts: Information Flow
The behavior of organisms is seen through the expression of genetic information.
Ex: DNA & RNA, hormone regulation, the process of genetic info being passed onto offsprings
5 Core Concepts: Pathways of Energy
The body being transformed and changed from metabolic processes, and utilizing energy to maintain life.
Ex: HOMEOSTASIS
5 Core Concepts: Systems
Systems in living organisms work together and interact to create optimal results. Ex: Respiratory system brings air and delivers oxygen to the circulatory system which carries the oxygen throughout the body.
Define: Endocrine Glands
Group of organs/tissue that make & secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
What are the two types of organs?
Primary & Secondary organs
Define: Primary Organ
ONLY endocrine functions (via hormone production)
Ex: The pituitary gland produces hormones that controls all other glands
Define: Secondary Organ
Endocrine AND non-endocrine functions (hormone production and other tasks)
Ex: The heart secretes hormones AND regulates blood pressure
Primary Endocrine Organs: Anterior pituitary gland
- Sphenoid bone of the skull
“Master gland” because it controls several other endocrine glands through the secretion of hormones.
Primary Endocrine Organs: Thyroid gland
- Anterior Neck
Consists of two lobes and is responsible for producing thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism
Primary Endocrine Organs: Parathyroid gland
- Positioned on the posterior side of the thyroid gland
Responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Primary Endocrine Organs: Adrenal Cortices
- Located on the superior side (top) of each kidney.
Produces hormones like cortisol and androgens that help manage stress, regulate blood pressure, and balance electrolytes.
Primary Endocrine Organs: Thymus
- Located in the superior mediastinum, in the chest region behind the sternum, and between the lungs.
Producing T lymphocytes (T cells), which are important for immune function
Primary Endocrine Organs: Endocrine Pancreas
- Found on the left side of the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach
Secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
Secondary Endocrine Organs (Just List them/know them)
Heart, kidneys, small intestines, testes, and ovaries
AND
Neuroendocrine Organs:
Hypothalamus, pineal gland in the brain, adrenal medulla in core of the adrenal gland,
Each of the secondary endocrine organs consist of ______ tissue.
Nervous
What does Nervous Tissue do in secondary endocrine system?
Secrete Chemicals that act as hormones (neurohormones)
Calcitonin vs Parathyroid
Antagonists
When calcium levels are high, calcitonin drops blood calcium, and when they are low, parathyroid gland releases PTH to increase blood calcium levels.