Anatomy: Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the 5 types of skeletal BONES?

Answer 1

Long (Pertains to length being much longer than width, not pertaining to actual size)
Short (as long as it is wide)
Flat
Irregular
sesamoid (tiny sesame-like bone attached to tendons)

Question 2

What is the difference between the Compact (dense) and Spongey region of our bones?

Answer 2

Compact is the outer, more dense and hard part of our bones, while the Spongy bone refers to the inner sponge-like layer within our bones.

Question 3

Where is Bone Marrow typically located & extracted?

Answer 3

Posterior iliac spine, and anterior superior iliac spine.

Question 4

What are the intermembranes?

Answer 4

The area between the inner and outer nuclear membranes.
Essential for coordinating respiration and metabolic functions.

Question 5

What is the Periosteum?

Answer 5

Composed of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
Outer sheath BELOW the skin & above and outside the bones
Rich with blood vessels and nerves

Question 6

What is the Diaphysis?

Answer 6

Shaft of each bone (middle region)
FOUND WITHIN JOINTS

Question 6

What are Perforating fibers?

Answer 6

Made of collagen & anchors periosteum firmly to its underlying bone.

Question 7

What is the Epiphysis?

Answer 7

The ends of every bone (both ends)
FOUND WITHIN JOINTS

Question 8

What is the Medullary (marrow) Cavity?

Answer 8

A hollow space within the Diaphysis.
Contains Yellow marrow, typically more prevalent in adults (made of adipose and fat used for energy)
Contains Red marrow, more prevalent in kids use to produce more red blood cells.

Question 9

What is the Endosteum?

Answer 9

Contains bone marrow, covers bony part of the spongy bone.

Question 10

What are Epiphyseal lines?

Answer 10

Separates Dyaphysis & Epiphysis, and is the result of bone growth in children – lines are created once growth is complete, and bones ossify into the lines.

Question 11

What are Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)?

Answer 11

Lines of Cartilage in children that contributes to growth & developing bones.

Question 12

What is the Osseous Tissue?

Answer 12

Includes osteocytes (mature bone cells), osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).
Made up of extracellular matrix and small scattered cells.

Question 13

What is the Extracellular Matrix composed of? (2 parts)?

Answer 13

Inorganic matrix – makes up about 65% of bone’s
total weight
Consists of minerals
Stores most of the calcium ions & phosphorus
Strong & rigid

Organic matrix – makes up remaining 35%
Consists of collagen fibers
Flexible, absorbs physical stress

Question 14

3 Types of Bone Cells: Osteocytes

Answer 14

Mature Bone-Cells that maintain bone tissue.
Senses mechanical stress and communicates to other bones
MAINTAINS Bone tissue

Question 15

3 Types of Bone Cells: Osteoblasts

Answer 15

Bone-Forming cells responsible for bone matrix synthesis.
Produces collagen and other organic parts of the bone matrix.
BUILDS Bone tissue

Question 16

3 Types of Bone Cells: Osteoclasts

Answer 16

Bone-Resorbing cells that breaks down bones by removing old or damaged cells.
BREAKS DOWN Bone tissue

Question 17

What is the Osteon?

Answer 17

The basic structure of a compact bone.

Question 18

What is the Central Canal of the Osteon?

Answer 18

Hollow channel that houses blood vessels and nerves.
Removes waste and provides nutrients to the bone

Question 19

What is the Lamellae of the Osteon?

Answer 19

Layers of concentric bone matrix that surround the Central Canal.
Provides STRENGTH to the bone.

Question 20

What is the Canaliculi of the Osteon?

Answer 20

Tiny channels that serve as a connection in order for communication and nutrition exchange between osteocytes.

Question 21

What is the Lacunae of the Osteon?

Answer 21

Small cavities between lamellae
Contain Osteocytes (MAINTAINS Bone tissue)

Question 22

Trabeculae

Answer 22

Ribs of bone
Obtains blood from BONE MARROW

Question 23

Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton (3 parts)

Answer 23

Composed of skull, vertebrae column (spine), and rib cage
Protects, supports head and trunk, & facilitates movement