Intro to Psychology: Unit 3 Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are 2 aspects central to an individuals personality?
Consistency and Distinctiveness
What is Gordon Allport’s (1937) take on personality?
There are thousands of words to describe personality.
What is Raymond Cattell’s take on Personality?
Focused on Factor Analysis and its 16 personality dimensions.
What is Factor Analysis?
A statistical analysis of connections that identify close related variables.
Who created the Five-Factor Model of Personality and what are they? (HINT: OCEAN)
Mccrae and Costa
1. Openness to Experience
2. Conscientiousness (constraint)
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
“OCEAN”
The Big Five: Openness to Experience
Being curious, having an exploring character
The Big Five: Conscientiousness (constraint)
Being disciplined, well-organized, dependable
The Big Five: Extraversion
Outgoing, friendly, social
The Big Five: Agreeableness
Trusting, cooperative, modest
The Big Five: Neuroticism (negative emotionality)
Anxious, hostile, insecure, vulnerable.
Who created Psycodynamic theories and what does it focus on?
Sigmund Freud
Influence of early childhood experiences, unconscious motives, and sexual/aggressive urges.
What are the 3 components of personality according to Sigmund Freud?
Ego, Superego, Id
Define: Ego
Decision making component.
Kind of supervises the superego and ego to make a proper decision
Define: Superego
Moral part that incorporates social standards about what’s right or wrong.
Ex: Forgiving
Define: Id
Primitive, impulsive part of personality.
Ex: Toddlers
What conflict arises according to Freud on his 3 layers of personality?
Mental illness arises when there is conflict between the layers.
Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization
Justifying unacceptable behavior with excuses
Defense Mechanisms: Repression
Burying distressful thoughts within the unconscious.
Defense Mechanisms: Projection
Putting your own emotions onto someone else.
Defense Mechanisms: Reaction Formation
Behaving in a way that is opposite of your own feelings.
Ex: Acting like your not mad at your partner when you are.
Defense Mechanisms: Regression
Reverting to an immature state of behavior.
Ex: Temper Tantrums or being sassy
Defense Mechanisms: Identification
Making yourself like someone else to cope.
Ex: A child acting like the popular kid in his class because he feels insecure.
Defense Mechanisms: Displacement
Diverting emotions from original source to an unrelated target.
Ex: Being mad at boss and then yelling at kids.
What are Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages?
Oral (0-1)
Anal (2-3)
Phallic (4-5)
Latency (6-12)
Genital (puberty to adulthood)
Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages: Oral
Ages 0-1
Focuses on the mouth being initial movement and understanding the mouths function during the first year.
Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages: Anal
Ages 2-3
Where children learn to control bowels
Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages: Phallic
Ages 4-5
Children become aware of their genitals.
Feel closer to opposite-sex parent
Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages: Latency
6-12
Erotic urges are suppressed, nothing really happens
Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages: Genital
Puberty-adulthood
Puberty begins, sexual urges reappear
Who created the analytical theory and what is it?
Carl Jung
The unconscious mind is composed of two layers: Personal unconscious and collective unconscious
According to Carl Jung, what is the personal unconscious?
Repressed memories
According to Carl Jung, what is the collective unconscious?
Aspects/repressed information within the unconscious inherited from your ANCESTORS.
What are the ancestral memories within the collective unconscious called?
Archetypes
What is individual psychology and who created it?
Alfred Adler
Human motivation is dictated by a humans need in:
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY
and
COMPENSATION
According to Alfred Adler, what does Striving for Superiority mean?
A universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life challenges.
According to Alfred Adler, what does Compensation mean?
Overcoming feelings of inferiority
What is Determinism? (BF SKINNER)
Behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli
Who developed Social learning Theory, and what is it/what does it focus on?
Albert Bandura
Focuses on observational learning (behavior is shaped by exposure to peoples behavior we observed or, models.
Who created Humanism and what is it?
Carl Rogers, belief in complete free will
What is Person-Centered theory and what does it include?
Focuses on the needs of the individual.
Includes the idea of self concept which includes incongruence and congruence.
Define: Self Concept
Beliefs about experiences, behavior, and yourself in general (your nature as a human being/how you’re unique)
Define: Congruence
When a persons self concept is displayed in their actual experiences.
2 CIRCLES CLOSER TOGETHER
Define: Incongruence
When a persons self concept exists separately from their reality and experiences.
2 CIRCLES FURTHER APART
Who is Abraham Maslow and what did he do?
Influenced the Theory of Motivation, which states human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs.
STUDY THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
What is Self-Actualizing Persons?
Ideal, compassionate personality that strives for growth.
What does the biological theory state?
That we INHERIT our personality (aka its genetic)
Who is Hans Eysenck?
He believes personal is genetically determined in individuals.
Explain the Terror Management Theory
Self-esteem protects us against terror.
- Explains need for self esteem and self-preservation
