Intro to Psychology: Unit 3 Chapter 8

Question 1

What is problem solving?

Answer 1

An active effort to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.

Question 2

What are the 3 basic problems Jim Greeno proposed?

Answer 2

Problems of inducing structure, arrangement, and of transformation.

Question 3

Define: Problem of Inducing Structure

Answer 3

Having to find relations among numbers, words, symbols or ideas.
Ex: Missing #2 in the 0-9 class demo.

Question 4

Define: Problem of Arrangement

Answer 4

Where people arrange parts of the problem in a way that satisfies some criteria.
Ex: Scrabble, l e s p o = poles

Question 5

Define: Problem of Transformation

Answer 5

Carrying out a SEQUENCE of steps to reach the final goal.
Ex: Water gallon example to get to 100 oz.

Question 6

What is Functional Fixedness?

Answer 6

Perceiving an item only in its most common use.
Ex: The use of a hammer

Question 7

What is a Mental Set?

Answer 7

When people cling onto old problem-solving strategies just because they worked in the past.
Ex: Cheating or Cramming on a test

Question 8

What is Trial & Error?

Answer 8

Trying multiple solutions and discarding ones that don’t work until one DOES work.

Question 9

What are Algorithms?

Answer 9

A step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem, which guarantees a solution

Ex: A Rubik’s cube

Question 10

What is a Heuristic?

Answer 10

“Rules of Thumb” used in solving problems – don’t guarantee success but serve as guiding principles.

Ex: When you see a person with their hood up in a dark alley and you decide to subtly walk past a bit faster

Question 11

What are Sub goals?

Answer 11

Allows one to solve part of the problem, thus, moving closer towards success.

Ex: Subgoal float thing example in class

Question 12

Define: Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 12

Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype off that event.

Ex: 6 tails vs 3 tails 3 heads example

Question 13

What is a Conjunction Fallacy?

Answer 13

People incorrectly assume that two things happening together is more probable than just one thing happening, even when logic or statistics show otherwise.

Question 14

What is a Gamblers Fallacy?

Answer 14

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.

Question 15

What does it mean to overestimate the improbable?

Answer 15

Giving too much weight or importance to events or outcomes that are highly unlikely to occur, often because of emotional reactions, biases, or cognitive distortions.

RELATES TO AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC

Question 16

What is an Availability Heuristic?

Answer 16

If something is more readily available in your memory (like a news story about a plane crash), you might think it’s more common than it really is.

Question 17

Overcoming barriers leads to _________

Answer 17

Insight

Question 18

Define: Insight

Answer 18

The sudden discovery of the correct solution – Usually when someones been struggling for a while.

Question 19

Who created the first Intelligence Test and when?

Answer 19

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
1905

Question 20

Who revised the first Binet’s Intelligence test and what did he call it?

Answer 20

Lewis Terman
Standford-Binet

Question 21

Explain the Stanford-Binet

Answer 21

Mental Age(score)/Chronological age x 100 = IQ

Ex: 8/8 x 100 = 100

Question 22

What did David Wechsler do?

Answer 22

Devised an instrument to measure intelligence in adults.

Question 23

What is the mean and standard dev. typically set to in IQ tests?

Answer 23

Mean: 100
Standard Deviation: 15

Question 24

Define: Reliability

Answer 24

The consistency of a test

Ex: Someone getting the same score on an IQ test when they are 5 vs when they are 20.

Question 25

Define: Validity

Answer 25

Something measure what its supposed to measure

Ex: Imagine you’re taking a math test designed to measure your math skills. If the test includes a large number of math-related questions and no irrelevant content, it has content validity — it measures what it’s supposed to measure (your math ability).

Question 26

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 26

The trend, for IQ scores to increase from one generation to the other.

Question 27

What are Results?

Answer 27

Environment determines whether a person will fall at the upper or lower end of their genetically determined range.

Question 28

What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence and who created It?

Answer 28

Robert Sternberg
There are 3 aspects of “successful intelligence” which are:
Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Question 29

What is The theory of multiple intelligences and who created it?

Answer 29

Howard Gardner
Suggests that there are 8 human intelligences:
1. logical-mathematical
2. linguistic
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic.
This theory was created to suggest the idea that the IQ test fails to incorporate the other important skills listed within the theory.

Question 30

What should learning ACTUALLY be focused on?

Answer 30

Meaning

Question 31

What techniques should educators be applying and using to teach?

Answer 31

Dual-coding, retrieval

Question 32

What is Phonology and Morphology? (EXTRA CREDITTTT)

Answer 32

Phonology: Basic units of speech
Ex: Streynj for the word Strange

Morphology: Taking basic units of speech and creating actual meaning which consists of root words, suffixes, prefixes, etc.
Ex: Strange