Intro to Psychology: Unit 3 Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is problem solving?
An active effort to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.
What are the 3 basic problems Jim Greeno proposed?
Problems of inducing structure, arrangement, and of transformation.
Define: Problem of Inducing Structure
Having to find relations among numbers, words, symbols or ideas.
Ex: Missing #2 in the 0-9 class demo.
Define: Problem of Arrangement
Where people arrange parts of the problem in a way that satisfies some criteria.
Ex: Scrabble, l e s p o = poles
Define: Problem of Transformation
Carrying out a SEQUENCE of steps to reach the final goal.
Ex: Water gallon example to get to 100 oz.
What is Functional Fixedness?
Perceiving an item only in its most common use.
Ex: The use of a hammer
What is a Mental Set?
When people cling onto old problem-solving strategies just because they worked in the past.
Ex: Cheating or Cramming on a test
What is Trial & Error?
Trying multiple solutions and discarding ones that don’t work until one DOES work.
What are Algorithms?
A step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem, which guarantees a solution
Ex: A Rubik’s cube
What is a Heuristic?
“Rules of Thumb” used in solving problems – don’t guarantee success but serve as guiding principles.
Ex: When you see a person with their hood up in a dark alley and you decide to subtly walk past a bit faster
What are Sub goals?
Allows one to solve part of the problem, thus, moving closer towards success.
Ex: Subgoal float thing example in class
Define: Representativeness Heuristic
Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype off that event.
Ex: 6 tails vs 3 tails 3 heads example
What is a Conjunction Fallacy?
People incorrectly assume that two things happening together is more probable than just one thing happening, even when logic or statistics show otherwise.
What is a Gamblers Fallacy?
The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
What does it mean to overestimate the improbable?
Giving too much weight or importance to events or outcomes that are highly unlikely to occur, often because of emotional reactions, biases, or cognitive distortions.
RELATES TO AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
What is an Availability Heuristic?
If something is more readily available in your memory (like a news story about a plane crash), you might think it’s more common than it really is.
Overcoming barriers leads to _________
Insight
Define: Insight
The sudden discovery of the correct solution – Usually when someones been struggling for a while.
Who created the first Intelligence Test and when?
Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
1905
Who revised the first Binet’s Intelligence test and what did he call it?
Lewis Terman
Standford-Binet
Explain the Stanford-Binet
Mental Age(score)/Chronological age x 100 = IQ
Ex: 8/8 x 100 = 100
What did David Wechsler do?
Devised an instrument to measure intelligence in adults.
What is the mean and standard dev. typically set to in IQ tests?
Mean: 100
Standard Deviation: 15
Define: Reliability
The consistency of a test
Ex: Someone getting the same score on an IQ test when they are 5 vs when they are 20.
Define: Validity
Something measure what its supposed to measure
Ex: Imagine you’re taking a math test designed to measure your math skills. If the test includes a large number of math-related questions and no irrelevant content, it has content validity — it measures what it’s supposed to measure (your math ability).
What is the Flynn Effect?
The trend, for IQ scores to increase from one generation to the other.
What are Results?
Environment determines whether a person will fall at the upper or lower end of their genetically determined range.
What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence and who created It?
Robert Sternberg
There are 3 aspects of “successful intelligence” which are:
Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
What is The theory of multiple intelligences and who created it?
Howard Gardner
Suggests that there are 8 human intelligences:
1. logical-mathematical
2. linguistic
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic.
This theory was created to suggest the idea that the IQ test fails to incorporate the other important skills listed within the theory.
What should learning ACTUALLY be focused on?
Meaning
What techniques should educators be applying and using to teach?
Dual-coding, retrieval
What is Phonology and Morphology? (EXTRA CREDITTTT)
Phonology: Basic units of speech
Ex: Streynj for the word Strange
Morphology: Taking basic units of speech and creating actual meaning which consists of root words, suffixes, prefixes, etc.
Ex: Strange
