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EVERYTHING ELMHURST > Intro to Psychology: Unit 2 Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Intro to Psychology: Unit 2 Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key processes of memory?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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2
Q

What does Encoding Mean?

A

The process of forming a memory code.

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3
Q

What does Storage Mean?

A

Maintaining the previously formed memory code.

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4
Q

What does Retrieval Mean?

A

Recalling the memory code.

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5
Q

What does Attention mean in the context of memory?

A

Focus to stimuli around you

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6
Q

What is memory negatively affected by?

A

Multi-tasking

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7
Q

What is the Levels of processing theory?

A

The deeper levels of mentally processing which result in longer-lasting memory codes.

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8
Q

What are the 3 levels of processing?

A

Shallow, intermediate, and deep.

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9
Q

What does Dual-coding mean?

A

Memory that is enhanced by forming semantic (deep) or visual codes; Information is more easily understood and remembered when it is presented in two forms: verbal and visual

Ex: Drawing something – you use a lot of different senses that allow for a deeper level of processing.

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9
Q

What does visual imagery mean?

A

Creation of images that represent words.

Ex: A juggler (you can imagine what they’re doing”

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10
Q

3 Memory Storages: Sensory Memory

A

Preserves info through the senses.

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11
Q

3 Memory Storages: Short-term Memory

A

Has a limited storage capacity and maintains memory for short durations.

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12
Q

3 Memory Storages: Long-term Memory

A

Has an unlimited storage capacity that can hold information over long periods of time.

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13
Q

What does chunking mean?

A

Grouping a single stimuli into different bits and pieces to remember better.

Ex: FBINBCCIAIBM
FBI NBC CIA IBM

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14
Q

What are Flashbulb Memories?

A

A momentous or seemingly permanent event.
It is susceptible to decay over time.
(NOT ANY MORE ACCURATE THAN OTHER MEMORIES)

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15
Q

Why are Flashbulb memories considered “permanent?”

A

They are important events but it may not be accurate when you recall it because it is susceptible to decay over time.

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16
Q

What are Schemas?

A

Organized clusters of knowledge that are set expectations about a specific object or thing.

Ex: A classroom can be clustered into many different subcategories that define what it is such such as: Teachers, students, desks, chairs, projectors, markers, white boards, etc.

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17
Q

What is the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon?

A

When you’re not able to retrieve info that feels as if its just out of your reach.

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18
Q

What helps with the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon?

A

Having Retrieval Cues.

19
Q

What are Retrieval Cues?

A

Any stimuli that helps gain access to memories.

20
Q

What are Context Cues?

A

Putting yourself un the context where that memory occurred.

Ex: Forgetting something and then going back to the room you were previously in to try and remember why you had that memory and what it was.

21
Q

What is the Misinformation effect?

A

Recalling an event but its altered by misleading post-event information.

Ex: Professor Tie example

22
Q

What does Retention mean?

A

Focusing on the proportion of what is remembered, rather than what’s forgotten.

23
Q

Define: Recall Measure

A

Remembering/providing info without any cues.

Ex: Eyewitness testimony –> you should not receive any cues.

24
Q

Define: Recognition Measure

A

When you’re given an array of options to produce the info.

Ex: MC Options

25
Q

Define: Retention/Re-learning Measure

A

If you’re asked to memorize info a 2nd time, it speeds up your learning effort.

Ex: Memory Test first day of PSY 210 —> First time was bad, 2nd was better, 3rd time was the best.

26
Q

What is an Encoding Failure?

A

Information is not properly stored in the brain due to a failure in the initial processing stage, meaning the information never gets transferred from short-term to long-term memory.

27
Q

What is Ineffective Coding?

A

Memories that are not stored due to lack of attention.

28
Q

What is Interference Theory?

A

Receiving competing information from another source.

Ex: You might have trouble learning Italian words because you previously learned Spanish.

29
Q

What is Decay Theory?

A

Memory traces fading away over time.

30
Q

What are Repressed Memories?

A

Memories we’re motivated to forget because they cause stress, so we bury them in to our unconscious.

31
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Results in loss of memories that occurred prior to the injury.

32
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

Results in loss of memory for events that happen after the injury.

33
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

Handles facts.

Ex: Remembering what you ate

34
Q

What is Non-declarative Memory?

A

Houses memory for motor actions, skills, and emotional memories.

Ex: Saying “thank you” or being able to swim.

35
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

Made up of personal experiences. Includes a TIME STAMP.

Ex: First Kiss

36
Q

What is Semantic Memory?

A

Contains general knowledge that isn’t tied to the time it was learned.

Ex: Knowing George Washington was the first president.

37
Q

What is Prospective Memory?

A

Remembering to perform actions in the future.

Ex: Remembering you have a doctors appointment later in the week.

38
Q

What is Retrospective Memory?

A

Remembering events from the past.

Ex: First kiss or when you got your first dog.

39
Q

Mnemonic Devices: Acrostics

A

First Letter of Each word is used as a cue

Ex; Every Good Boy Does Fine.
EGBDF (For music)

40
Q

Mnemonic Devices: Acronym

A

Word formed of first letters of each word in a phrase.

Ex: HOMES (Great Lakes)

41
Q

Mnemonic Devices: Narrative Method

A

Creating a story that includes the words needed to be memorized.

42
Q

Mnemonic Devices: Rhymes

A

Rearranging words to make them rhyme.

Ex: In 14 hundred and 92, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.

43
Q

REVIEW EXTRA CREDIT VIDEO

A

SUPERIOR AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

44
Q

What is Source Monitoring error?

A

An error in which you forget what the original source was where the info came from.

EVERYTHING ELMHURST (32 decks)

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