Intro to Psychology: Unit 2 Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the 3 key processes of memory?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
What does Encoding Mean?
The process of forming a memory code.
What does Storage Mean?
Maintaining the previously formed memory code.
What does Retrieval Mean?
Recalling the memory code.
What does Attention mean in the context of memory?
Focus to stimuli around you
What is memory negatively affected by?
Multi-tasking
What is the Levels of processing theory?
The deeper levels of mentally processing which result in longer-lasting memory codes.
What are the 3 levels of processing?
Shallow, intermediate, and deep.
What does Dual-coding mean?
Memory that is enhanced by forming semantic (deep) or visual codes; Information is more easily understood and remembered when it is presented in two forms: verbal and visual
Ex: Drawing something – you use a lot of different senses that allow for a deeper level of processing.
What does visual imagery mean?
Creation of images that represent words.
Ex: A juggler (you can imagine what they’re doing”
3 Memory Storages: Sensory Memory
Preserves info through the senses.
3 Memory Storages: Short-term Memory
Has a limited storage capacity and maintains memory for short durations.
3 Memory Storages: Long-term Memory
Has an unlimited storage capacity that can hold information over long periods of time.
What does chunking mean?
Grouping a single stimuli into different bits and pieces to remember better.
Ex: FBINBCCIAIBM
FBI NBC CIA IBM
What are Flashbulb Memories?
A momentous or seemingly permanent event.
It is susceptible to decay over time.
(NOT ANY MORE ACCURATE THAN OTHER MEMORIES)
Why are Flashbulb memories considered “permanent?”
They are important events but it may not be accurate when you recall it because it is susceptible to decay over time.
What are Schemas?
Organized clusters of knowledge that are set expectations about a specific object or thing.
Ex: A classroom can be clustered into many different subcategories that define what it is such such as: Teachers, students, desks, chairs, projectors, markers, white boards, etc.
What is the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon?
When you’re not able to retrieve info that feels as if its just out of your reach.
What helps with the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon?
Having Retrieval Cues.
What are Retrieval Cues?
Any stimuli that helps gain access to memories.
What are Context Cues?
Putting yourself un the context where that memory occurred.
Ex: Forgetting something and then going back to the room you were previously in to try and remember why you had that memory and what it was.
What is the Misinformation effect?
Recalling an event but its altered by misleading post-event information.
Ex: Professor Tie example
What does Retention mean?
Focusing on the proportion of what is remembered, rather than what’s forgotten.
Define: Recall Measure
Remembering/providing info without any cues.
Ex: Eyewitness testimony –> you should not receive any cues.
Define: Recognition Measure
When you’re given an array of options to produce the info.
Ex: MC Options
Define: Retention/Re-learning Measure
If you’re asked to memorize info a 2nd time, it speeds up your learning effort.
Ex: Memory Test first day of PSY 210 —> First time was bad, 2nd was better, 3rd time was the best.
What is an Encoding Failure?
Information is not properly stored in the brain due to a failure in the initial processing stage, meaning the information never gets transferred from short-term to long-term memory.
What is Ineffective Coding?
Memories that are not stored due to lack of attention.
What is Interference Theory?
Receiving competing information from another source.
Ex: You might have trouble learning Italian words because you previously learned Spanish.
What is Decay Theory?
Memory traces fading away over time.
What are Repressed Memories?
Memories we’re motivated to forget because they cause stress, so we bury them in to our unconscious.
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Results in loss of memories that occurred prior to the injury.
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
Results in loss of memory for events that happen after the injury.
What is Declarative Memory?
Handles facts.
Ex: Remembering what you ate
What is Non-declarative Memory?
Houses memory for motor actions, skills, and emotional memories.
Ex: Saying “thank you” or being able to swim.
What is Episodic Memory?
Made up of personal experiences. Includes a TIME STAMP.
Ex: First Kiss
What is Semantic Memory?
Contains general knowledge that isn’t tied to the time it was learned.
Ex: Knowing George Washington was the first president.
What is Prospective Memory?
Remembering to perform actions in the future.
Ex: Remembering you have a doctors appointment later in the week.
What is Retrospective Memory?
Remembering events from the past.
Ex: First kiss or when you got your first dog.
Mnemonic Devices: Acrostics
First Letter of Each word is used as a cue
Ex; Every Good Boy Does Fine.
EGBDF (For music)
Mnemonic Devices: Acronym
Word formed of first letters of each word in a phrase.
Ex: HOMES (Great Lakes)
Mnemonic Devices: Narrative Method
Creating a story that includes the words needed to be memorized.
Mnemonic Devices: Rhymes
Rearranging words to make them rhyme.
Ex: In 14 hundred and 92, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
REVIEW EXTRA CREDIT VIDEO
SUPERIOR AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
What is Source Monitoring error?
An error in which you forget what the original source was where the info came from.
