General Chemistry - Chapter 1

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

Smallest fundamental building block of matter that’s all around us. Ex: Water has 3 atoms… 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen

Question 2

What is Chemistry?

Answer 2

The studying of matter by studying atoms & molecules. (Study the MACRO by studying the MICRO)

Question 3

What are the 4 steps of Scientific Method? (in order)

Answer 3

Observation, hypotheses, experimentation, laws & theories
(It CANNOT be scientific method without proving or disproving the hypothesis)

Question 4

Scientific Law vs Scientific Theory.

Answer 4

Law takes past observations used to predict future ones. (WHAT Nature does)
A theory focuses on how and WHY a phenomena happened. It takes data and forms a statement/idea. (Can be retested for)

Question 5

What is Matter?

Answer 5

Anything that takes up space in the form of solid, liquid, or gas.

Question 6

Atoms & molecule structure in Solids

Answer 6

The atoms or molecules do not move around, therefore solids don’t have motion.

Question 7

Atoms & molecule structure in Liquids

Answer 7

The atoms or molecules move freely, therefore liquids have motion.

Question 8

Atoms & molecule structure in Gas

Answer 8

The atoms or molecules move freely in a changing volume, with a shape that is not constant, therefore gas moves sporadically and freely.

Question 9

What is Pure Matter?

Answer 9

Substance made up of one element or compound. (Bonded together)

Question 10

What is a Pure Element?

Answer 10

One kind of atom. Ex: Oxygen O2

Question 11

What is a Pure Compound?

Answer 11

Made of more than one kind of atom. Ex: Water H2O

Question 12

What is a Mixture?

Answer 12

2 or more kinds of elements or compounds mixed together. Ex: Saltwater

Question 13

SEPARATING MIXTURES: Distillation

Answer 13

Liquid is boiled, vapor enters a cooling-chamber, condenses to a liquid, called distillate, and is collected as a PURE liquid.

Question 14

SEPARATING MIXTURES: Filtration

Answer 14

Mixture is poured in a funnel — liquid is separated from solid.

Question 15

What is a Physical Change?

Answer 15

Changing appearance or state of substance, but not composition. Ex: Liquid Water to Ice

Question 16

What is a Chemical Change?

Answer 16

Changes content inside of substance. Ex: A nail rusting - changes from iron to iron oxide.

Question 17

What is Energy?

Answer 17

The capacity/ability to do work.

Question 18

What is Work?

Answer 18

Applying force through a specific distance.

Question 19

ENERGY: Kinetic

Answer 19

Associated with motion.

Question 20

ENERGY: Potential

Answer 20

Associated with position or composition. Ex: A rock at the top of a cliff’s edge or a burger you’re about to eat.

Question 21

ENERGY: Thermal

Answer 21

Associated with Temperature; A KIND of KINETIC energy because more heat equals more motion of atoms.

Question 22

What is the Law of Conservation?

Answer 22

Energy is not created nor destroyed. Always conserved in a physical or chemical change.

Question 23

What are units?

Answer 23

Qualities used to specify measurements/quantities. Ex: 5 CENTIMETERS

Question 24

STANDARD UNITS: Length

Answer 24

Meter: m (unit: symbol)

Question 25

STANDARD UNITS: Mass

Answer 25

Kilogram: kg (unit: symbol)

Question 26

STANDARD UNITS: Time

Answer 26

Second: s (unit: symbol)

Question 27

STANDARD UNITS: Temperature

Answer 27

Kelvin: K (unit: symbol)

Question 28

STANDARD UNITS: Amount of substance

Answer 28

Mole: mol (unit: symbol)

Question 29

STANDARD UNITS: Electric Current

Answer 29

Ampere: A (unit: symbol)

Question 30

STANDARD UNITS: Luminous intensity

Answer 30

Candela: cd (unit: symbol)

Question 31

Mass vs Weight

Answer 31

Mass is the amount of matter in an object, weight is the force or gravity on an object. Weight can change depending on gravitational pull, while mass always stays the same.

Question 32

Explain the Kelvin Scale (absolute scale)

Answer 32

Assigns 0 K (ABSOLUTE ZERO) to the coldest temperature possible. (Absolute zero = -273.15°C or -459°F)

Question 33

What’s an Intensive Property?

Answer 33

Property thats independent of the amount of substance. Ex: Density

Question 34

What’s an Extensive Property?

Answer 34

Property thats dependent of the amount of substance.
Ex: Mass

Question 35

Density

Answer 35

Mass of substance and how much volume/space it takes (D = m/v)

Question 36

Sig Figs: moving from left to right

Answer 36

negative (#^-#) Ex: 0.000013 x 10
1.3 x 10^-5

Question 37

Sig Figs: moving from right to left

Answer 37

positive (#^#) Ex: 149,600,000
1.496 x 10^8

Question 38

Sig Fig Examples

Answer 38

01010 = 3 SF
0.003080= 4 SF
01010.0 = 5 SF
0.01010 = 4 SF
.0209 = 3 SF

Question 39

How to round Addition & Subtraction?

Answer 39

Count lowest decimal places

Question 40

How to round Division & Multiplication?

Answer 40

Count lowest sig figs

Question 41

Precision vs Accuracy

Answer 41

Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual value, while precision refers how close a series of measurements are towards one another. Ex: Fine tuning is precision, weighing a bear and comparing that weight to the average weight is accuracy. (OR THINK OF IT ON A GRAPH)