Intro to Psychology: Unit 2 Chapter 6 Flashcards
Define: Classical Conditioning
Learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Ex: Ivan Pavlovs Experiment
Describe Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
Teaching a Dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, using food as a way to condition the dog.
Define: Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that doesn’t affect the subject at all.
Ex: The Bell in Pavlov’s experiment
Define: Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning.
Ex: The Food in Pavlov’s experiment
Define: Unconditioned Response
An unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Ex: The dog salivating to the food in Pavlov’s experiment
Define: Conditioning
Pairing Neutral stimuli w/ the unconditioned stimulus to potentially evoke a new conditioned stimulus & response.
Ex: Pairing the Bell and the food
Define: Conditioned Stimulus
Previously Neutral Stimulus that, through conditioning, evokes a conditioned response.
Ex: Bell after conditioning
Define: Conditioned Response
An unconditioned response that now is a conditioned response because it resounds to what was previously the neutral stimulus.
Ex: The Dog salivating to the bell
Define: Acquisition
Formation of a new conditioned response tendency.
Define: Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
Who is John Watson and what was his experiment?
Father of Modern Behaviorism
Little Albert Experiment
White mouse + Loud noise = fear for the baby
Now little Albert is scared of mouse, and when they brought in a rabbit, he was still scared
This is because he could not discriminate between the two, and the experiment supported the idea of generalization.
Define: Spontaneous Recovery
When an extinguished conditioned stimulus suddenly elicits a conditioned response again, when there is a period between trials.
Define: Stimulus Discrimination
Subjects can differentiate between different stimuli.
Define: Operant Conditioning
Form of learning where voluntary responses. are controlled by their consequences.
Who created operant conditioning?
BF Skinner
What was Skinner’s Box?
Got the mouse to repeat a behavior by rewarding it (positive reinforcement).
What is Acquisition in OPERANT conditioning?
Initial stage of learning a pattern of responding, like classical conditioning.
What gradual process is Operant conditioning established through?
Shaping
What is Shaping?
Involves reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
Ex: To teach a dog to roll over, you would start by rewarding it for simply lying down. Then, you gradually reinforce the dog for twisting its body or making half turns. Over time, you only reward further progress until the dog completes a full roll-over. Through this process, the dog learns the complex behavior by being reinforced for increasingly closer steps toward the final action.
What is Extinction in operant conditioning?
Reinforcement stops, and thus, a response stops.
What are primary reinforcers?
Things for our biological needs.
Ex: Food, water, shelter, sex
What are secondary reinforcers?
Things you learn to do that help you in some way.
Ex: Taking notes
Define: Schedule of reinforcement
Specific presentation of reinforcers over time
Splits into continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement.
Define: continuous reinforcement
Every time you do something, you get rewarded
Define: intermittent reinforcement.
Only get rewarded after performing a behavior a certain amount of times.
Define: Fixed-Ratio
a set, known number of times. Provides a rapid response
Ex: After 5 times getting an A, you get $10
Define: Variable-Ratio
An inconsistent, ever-changing, number of times. Provides a rapid response
Ex: Slot Machine - you don’t know when you’re going to get a payout
Define: Fixed-Interval
A set time.
Ex: Black Friday (always the same every year)
Define positive and negative reinforcement & punishment
Positive Reinforcement: adding something to increase a behavior
Positive Punishment: adding something to DECREASE a behavior
Negative Reinforcement: removing something to increase a behavior
Negative Punishment: removing something to decrease a behavior
Define: Variable-Interval
Something that doesn’t have a fixed time that occurs over time.
Ex: You don’t know when you’ll get your next notification on your phone.
Define: Aversive/avoidance conditioning
An individual learns to avoid an unpleasant or undesirable stimulus by performing a specific behavior.
Ex: if a child touches a hot stove and feels pain, they learn to avoid touching it again to prevent the discomfort.
Define: Escape
Performing a response in hopes that a stimulus will cease
Classical conditioning vs Operant Conditioning
Classical is learning by reflexive responding
Ex: Phobias
Operant is learning by voluntary responses
Ex: Studying
What is behavior modification and the steps to it?
Approach to changing behavior through the applications of the principles of conditioning.
- Target specific behavior
- Gather Baseline Data
- Planning
- Enforcing
What’s Observational Learning?
When an organisms response is influenced by models.
a social learning process where people learn by watching and imitating others
(attention, retention, reproduction, motivation)
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Treating Phobias: Exposure Therapy
