Intro to Psychology: Unit 2 Chapter 6

Question 1

Define: Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Ex: Ivan Pavlovs Experiment

Question 2

Describe Ivan Pavlov’s experiment

Answer 2

Teaching a Dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, using food as a way to condition the dog.

Question 3

Define: Neutral Stimulus

Answer 3

Stimulus that doesn’t affect the subject at all.

Ex: The Bell in Pavlov’s experiment

Question 4

Define: Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning.

Ex: The Food in Pavlov’s experiment

Question 4

Define: Unconditioned Response

Answer 4

An unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Ex: The dog salivating to the food in Pavlov’s experiment

Question 5

Define: Conditioning

Answer 5

Pairing Neutral stimuli w/ the unconditioned stimulus to potentially evoke a new conditioned stimulus & response.

Ex: Pairing the Bell and the food

Question 6

Define: Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

Previously Neutral Stimulus that, through conditioning, evokes a conditioned response.

Ex: Bell after conditioning

Question 7

Define: Conditioned Response

Answer 7

An unconditioned response that now is a conditioned response because it resounds to what was previously the neutral stimulus.

Ex: The Dog salivating to the bell

Question 8

Define: Acquisition

Answer 8

Formation of a new conditioned response tendency.

Question 9

Define: Extinction

Answer 9

Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Question 10

Who is John Watson and what was his experiment?

Answer 10

Father of Modern Behaviorism
Little Albert Experiment
White mouse + Loud noise = fear for the baby
Now little Albert is scared of mouse, and when they brought in a rabbit, he was still scared
This is because he could not discriminate between the two, and the experiment supported the idea of generalization.

Question 10

Define: Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

When an extinguished conditioned stimulus suddenly elicits a conditioned response again, when there is a period between trials.

Question 11

Define: Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 11

Subjects can differentiate between different stimuli.

Question 12

Define: Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Form of learning where voluntary responses. are controlled by their consequences.

Question 13

Who created operant conditioning?

Answer 13

BF Skinner

Question 14

What was Skinner’s Box?

Answer 14

Got the mouse to repeat a behavior by rewarding it (positive reinforcement).

Question 15

What is Acquisition in OPERANT conditioning?

Answer 15

Initial stage of learning a pattern of responding, like classical conditioning.

Question 16

What gradual process is Operant conditioning established through?

Answer 16

Shaping

Question 17

What is Shaping?

Answer 17

Involves reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Ex: To teach a dog to roll over, you would start by rewarding it for simply lying down. Then, you gradually reinforce the dog for twisting its body or making half turns. Over time, you only reward further progress until the dog completes a full roll-over. Through this process, the dog learns the complex behavior by being reinforced for increasingly closer steps toward the final action.

Question 18

What is Extinction in operant conditioning?

Answer 18

Reinforcement stops, and thus, a response stops.

Question 19

What are primary reinforcers?

Answer 19

Things for our biological needs.

Ex: Food, water, shelter, sex

Question 20

What are secondary reinforcers?

Answer 20

Things you learn to do that help you in some way.

Ex: Taking notes

Question 21

Define: Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 21

Specific presentation of reinforcers over time

Splits into continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement.

Question 22

Define: continuous reinforcement

Answer 22

Every time you do something, you get rewarded

Question 23

Define: intermittent reinforcement.

Answer 23

Only get rewarded after performing a behavior a certain amount of times.

Question 24

Define: Fixed-Ratio

Answer 24

a set, known number of times. Provides a rapid response

Ex: After 5 times getting an A, you get $10

Question 25

Define: Variable-Ratio

Answer 25

An inconsistent, ever-changing, number of times. Provides a rapid response

Ex: Slot Machine - you don’t know when you’re going to get a payout

Question 26

Define: Fixed-Interval

Answer 26

A set time.

Ex: Black Friday (always the same every year)

Question 26

Define positive and negative reinforcement & punishment

Answer 26

Positive Reinforcement: adding something to increase a behavior
Positive Punishment: adding something to DECREASE a behavior

Negative Reinforcement: removing something to increase a behavior
Negative Punishment: removing something to decrease a behavior

Question 27

Define: Variable-Interval

Answer 27

Something that doesn’t have a fixed time that occurs over time.

Ex: You don’t know when you’ll get your next notification on your phone.

Question 28

Define: Aversive/avoidance conditioning

Answer 28

An individual learns to avoid an unpleasant or undesirable stimulus by performing a specific behavior.

Ex: if a child touches a hot stove and feels pain, they learn to avoid touching it again to prevent the discomfort.

Question 29

Define: Escape

Answer 29

Performing a response in hopes that a stimulus will cease

Question 30

Classical conditioning vs Operant Conditioning

Answer 30

Classical is learning by reflexive responding
Ex: Phobias
Operant is learning by voluntary responses
Ex: Studying

Question 31

What is behavior modification and the steps to it?

Answer 31

Approach to changing behavior through the applications of the principles of conditioning.

1. Target specific behavior
2. Gather Baseline Data
3. Planning
4. Enforcing

Question 32

What’s Observational Learning?

Answer 32

When an organisms response is influenced by models.
a social learning process where people learn by watching and imitating others
(attention, retention, reproduction, motivation)

Question 33

STUDY EXTRA CREDIT VIDEO

Answer 33

Treating Phobias: Exposure Therapy