Anatomy - Special Senses Flashcards
Vallate (Circumvallate) Papillae
Location: At the back of the tongue, arranged in a āVā shape.
Function: Contain the most taste buds and are involved in detecting bitter tastes.
Fungiform Papillae
Location: On the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Function: Contain taste buds, primarily for detecting sweet and salty tastes.
Tastebud
Location: Found in the papillae of the tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis.
Function: Houses gustatory cells, which detect taste stimuli.
Gustatory Cells
Location: Inside taste buds.
Function: Sensory cells that detect taste stimuli and send signals to the brain.
Supporting Cells (Gustatory)
Location: Found within the taste buds.
Function: Support and nourish gustatory cells; may differentiate into new gustatory cells.
Vagus Nerve (X)
Location: Innervates the throat, soft palate, and epiglottis.
Function: Carries taste sensations from the epiglottis and part of the pharynx.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Location: Starts from brainstem Innervates the posterior one-third of the tongue.
Function: Carries taste sensations from the back of the tongue.
Facial Nerve (VII)
Location: Innervates the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Function: Carries taste sensations from the front of the tongue.
Olfactory Nerve (I)
Location: Nerve fibers pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Function: Transmits olfactory (smell) information from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Olfactory Bulb
Location: Above the nasal cavity, on the underside of the frontal lobe.
Function: Processes olfactory signals and relays them to the brain.
Olfactory Tracts
Location: Extension of the olfactory bulb that runs to the olfactory cortex.
Function: Carries olfactory information to the brain for processing.
Olfactory Epithelium
Location: In the upper part of the nasal cavity.
Function: Houses olfactory neurons and supporting cells, responsible for detecting odorants.
Olfactory Neuron
Location: Embedded in the olfactory epithelium.
Function: Detects chemical odors and sends signals to the brain.
Supporting Cells (Olfactory Bulb)
Location: Found within the olfactory epithelium.
Function: Provide structural support and help regenerate olfactory neurons.
Olfactory Cilia
Location: Extend from the olfactory neurons in the nasal cavity.
Function: Trap and bind odor molecules, initiating the sense of smell.
Cribriform Plate
Location: The bony structure of the ethmoid bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.
Function: Allows olfactory nerve fibers to pass through and reach the brain.
Auricle (Pinna)
Location: External part of the ear.
Function: Collects sound waves and directs them into the ear canal.
External Acoustic Meatus (OUTER EAR)
Location: The ear canal.
Function: Carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane.
Lobule (OUTER EAR)
Location: The soft part of the ear, known as the earlobe.
Function: Provides flexibility and support to the ear.
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) (OUTER EAR)
Location: At the end of the ear canal.
Function: Vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting vibrations to the ossicles.
Pharyngotympanic Tube (Eustachian Tube) (Middle Ear)
Location: Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
Function: Equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
Auditory Ossicles (Middle Ear)
Location: In the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes).
Function: Amplify sound vibrations and transmit them from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Malleus (Middle Ear)
Location: Attached to the tympanic membrane.
Function: Transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus.
Incus (Middle Ear)
Location: Between the malleus and stapes in the middle ear.
Function: Transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes.
Stapes (Middle Ear)
Location: The smallest bone in the middle ear, connected to the oval window.
Function: Transmits vibrations to the inner ear via the oval window.
Tensor Tympani Muscle (Middle Ear)
Location: Inside the middle ear.
Function: Dampens vibrations of the tympanic membrane to protect the inner ear from loud sounds.
Oval Window
Location: Between the middle ear and the inner ear.
Function: Transmits sound vibrations from the stapes to the fluid in the cochlea.
Vestibule (Inner Ear)
Location: Central part of the inner ear, located between the cochlea and semicircular canals.
Function: Plays a key role in balance, detecting linear acceleration and head tilting.
Utricle (Inner Ear)
Location: Inside the vestibule of the inner ear.
Function: Detects horizontal acceleration and head tilting.
Saccule (Inner Ear)
Location: Inside the vestibule of the inner ear.
Function: Detects vertical acceleration and head tilting.
Maculae (Inner Ear)
Location: In the utricle and saccule.
Function: Detect changes in position relative to gravity (static equilibrium).
Otolithic Membrane (Inner Ear)
Location: Overlays the hair cells of the maculae.
Function: Moves in response to gravity, bending hair cells to detect head tilts.
Hair Cell (Inner Ear)
Location: In the maculae, crista ampullaris, and cochlea.
Function: Converts mechanical vibrations into electrical signals for hearing and balance.
Kinocilium (Inner Ear)
Location: On hair cells in the vestibule and semicircular canals.
Function: Helps to detect motion and position by interacting with stereocilia.
Stereocilia (Inner Ear)
Location: On hair cells in the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.
Function: Bend in response to movement, generating electrical signals for balance and hearing.
Semicircular Canals (Inner Ear)
Location: Located in the inner ear.
Function: Detect rotational movements of the head (dynamic equilibrium).
Ampulla (Inner Ear)
Location: At the base of each semicircular canal.
Function: Contains the crista ampullaris and detects rotational acceleration.
Crista Ampullaris (Inner Ear)
Location: Inside the ampulla of the semicircular canals.
Function: Contains hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head.
Cupula (Inner Ear)
Location: Inside the semicircular canal.
Function: Gelatinous structure that moves with the endolymph, bending stereocilia of hair cells.
Cochlea (Inner Ear)
Location: In the inner ear, shaped like a spiral.
Function: Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses for hearing.
Round Window (Inner Ear)
Location: Between the middle ear and cochlea.
Function: Allows the cochlea to flex in response to pressure changes, enabling sound transmission.
Scala Vestibuli (Inner Ear)
Location: Upper chamber of the cochlea.
Function: Carries pressure waves from the oval window to the cochlear duct.
Scala Tympani (Inner Ear)
Location: Lower chamber of the cochlea.
Function: Transmits pressure waves from the cochlear duct to the round window.
Scala Media (Inner Ear)
Location: Middle chamber of the cochlea.
Function: Contains the cochlear duct and the spiral organ of Corti, which detects sound.
Vestibular Membrane (Inner Ear)
Location: Separates the scala media and scala vestibuli.
Function: Allows the fluid in the cochlea to flow in response to sound vibrations.
Basilar Membrane (Inner Ear)
Location: Inside the cochlea, beneath the cochlear duct.
Function: Vibrates in response to sound waves and stimulates hair cells in the organ of Corti.
Tectorial Membrane (Inner Ear)
Location: Above the hair cells in the cochlear duct.
Function: Moves in response to vibrations, causing hair cells to bend and generate nerve impulses.
Spiral Organ of Corti (Inner Ear)
Location: Inside the cochlear duct of the cochlea.
Function: Houses hair cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural signals.
(Inner Ear)
Location: Originates in the cochlea and vestibule, carries signals to the brain.
Function: Transmits sound and balance information to the brain.
Palpabrae (Superior and Inferior)
Location: Eyelids.
Function: Protects the eye and helps spread tears.
Tarsal Gland
Location: Within the eyelids.
Function: Secretes oil to keep the eye lubricated.
Commissures (Canthus) ā Medial and Lateral
Location: The corners where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
Function: Provide structural support for the eyelids.
Lacrimal Caruncle
Location: At the medial canthus of the eye.
Function: Produces mucus to lubricate the eye.
Conjunctiva
Location: thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eyeball (sclera), except for the cornea.
Function: Protects and lubricates the eye by producing mucus and tears.
Lacrimal Gland
Location: Superior and lateral to the eye, beneath the frontal bone.
Function: Produces tears, which lubricate and cleanse the eye.
Lacrimal Sac
Location: Located in the medial corner of the eye, in the lacrimal groove of the maxilla.
Function: Collects excess tears from the eye and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
Lacrimal Canaliculi
Location: Small ducts located in the inner corners of the eye, near the lacrimal puncta.
Function: Drains tears from the eyeās surface into the lacrimal sac.
Nasolacrimal Duct
Location: From the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity.
Function: Drains tears into the nasal cavity, contributing to a runny nose when you cry.
Superior Rectus
Location: On the superior aspect of the eyeball.
Function: Moves the eye upward (elevation).
Inferior Rectus
Location: On the inferior aspect of the eyeball.
Function: Moves the eye downward (depression).
Medial Rectus
Location: On the medial side of the eyeball.
Function: Moves the eye medially (adduction).
Lateral Rectus
Location: On the lateral side of the eyeball.
Function: Moves the eye laterally (abduction).
Inferior Oblique
Location: Originates from the floor of the orbit and attaches to the posterior part of the eyeball.
Function: Moves the eye upward and laterally (elevation and abduction).
Superior Oblique
Location: Originates from the sphenoid bone and attaches to the upper, lateral part of the eye.
Function: Moves the eye downward and laterally (depression and abduction).
Trochlea
Location: A cartilaginous pulley that guides the superior oblique muscle.
Function: Helps the superior oblique muscle turn the eye downward and laterally.
Sclera (Fibrous Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Outer white layer of the eyeball.
Function: Provides structure, protection, and attachment for eye muscles.
Cornea (Fibrous Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Transparent, dome-shaped front part of the eyeball.
Function: Refracts light entering the eye to help focus it on the retina.
Choroid (Vascular Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Between the sclera and retina, covering the posterior part of the eye.
Function: Provides oxygen and nutrients to the retina through blood vessels.
Ciliary Body (Vascular Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Behind the iris, around the lens.
Function: Controls the shape of the lens for accommodation and produces aqueous humor.
Suspensory Ligaments (Vascular Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Attach the ciliary body to the lens.
Function: Hold the lens in place and help change its shape for focusing.
Iris (Vascular Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil.
Function: Controls the size of the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
Pupil (Vascular Layer of Eyeball)
Location: The black circular opening in the center of the iris.
Function: Allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina.
Retina (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Inner layer of the eyeball, lining the back.
Function: Contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that detect light and send signals to the brain.
Macula Lutea (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Near the center of the retina, slightly off-center to the nasal side.
Function: Contains the fovea centralis and is responsible for central vision and color perception.
Fovea Centralis (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: The center of the macula lutea.
Function: Provides the sharpest, most detailed vision due to a high concentration of cones.
Optic Disc (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
Function: No photoreceptor cells are located here (blind spot), but it transmits visual information to the brain.
Optic Nerve (II) (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Extends from the retina to the brain.
Function: Transmits visual signals from the retina to the brain.
Cones (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Mainly in the fovea and macula lutea.
Function: Responsible for color vision and sharp, central vision.
Rods (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: In the retina, predominantly around the periphery.
Function: Responsible for vision in low-light conditions (night vision).
Pigmented Layer (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: The outer layer of the retina.
Function: Absorbs excess light and provides nutrients to the retina.
Retinal Ganglion Cells (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Located in the retina.
Function: Receive visual information from bipolar cells and transmit it to the brain via the optic nerve.
Bipolar Cells (Neural Layer of Eyeball)
Location: Located in the retina, between the photoreceptor cells and ganglion cells.
Function: Transmit signals from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells.
Lens (Eyeball)
Location: Located behind the iris and pupil.
Function: Focuses light onto the retina by changing shape (accommodation).
Vitreous Humor (In Posterior Cavity) (Eyeball)
Location: Fills the posterior segment of the eye, between the lens and retina.
Function: Helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and supports the retina.
Aqueous Humor (In Anterior Cavity) (Eyeball)
Location: Fills the anterior segment of the eye, between the lens and cornea.
Function: Provides nutrients to the avascular structures of the eye (lens and cornea) and maintains intraocular pressure.
