Intro to Psychology: Unit 3 Chapter 10

Question 1

How long does the Germinal period last and what happens during it?

Answer 1

Conception - 2 weeks
Zygote divides & implants into uterine wall
-Unnecessary waste is removed from the placenta

Question 2

What is a Zygote?

Answer 2

A one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.

Question 3

What is a Placenta?

Answer 3

a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.

Question 4

What happens during the Embryonic stage and how long does it last?

Answer 4

3 weeks - 2 months
Heart, spine, brain are being formed
Greatest time of vulnerability

Question 5

What happens during the Fetal stage and how long does it last?

Answer 5

3 months - Birth
Muscles form, sex and sensory organs form, and you grow in size.

Question 6

What is viability and when is it reached?

Answer 6

The point in a pregnancy when a fetus is developed enough to potentially survive outside the womb.
Around 23-26 weeks.

Question 7

What are 3 environmental factors that can impact a Baby’s Development?

Answer 7

Stress, Nutrients, and Drugs

Question 8

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Answer 8

One of the leading causes of mental retardation, which is a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.

• Can lead to heart defects, irritability, and delayed mental/motor development.

Question 9

What is Maternal Smoking associated with?

Answer 9

SIDS, can slow cognitive ability, and cause ADHD

Question 10

What is the Cephalocaudal Trend?

Answer 10

Babies gain coordination in the upper part of the bodies first, then down to their lower body.

Ex: They develop muscles within their necks and move it within the first few weeks.

Question 11

What s the proximodistal trend?

Answer 11

The trend that babies learn how to control their trunk and core much faster than their extremities (limbs)

Ex: After learning how to move their head, they learn to roll over.

Question 12

What is Maturation?

Answer 12

A sequence of physical changes that are largely determined by genetics.

Question 13

What are Developmental Norms?

Answer 13

Median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.

Ex: The stage/time frame of walking, crawling, etc.

Question 14

What is Attachment?

Answer 14

A close emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver (doesn’t have to be with parents)

Question 15

Explain Harry Harlow’s Monkey experiment

Answer 15

Monkeys chose the cloth mother monkey that provided no food over the wire monkey that provided food because they value comfort.

Shows we are emotional, social beings.

Question 16

Who is John Bowlby?

Answer 16

He asserted that attachment is a biological process that we are born with.

Infants are programmed by EVOLUTION to exhibit endearing behavior.

Question 17

Who is Mary Ainsworth?

Answer 17

Developed a method called the, “strange situation” and concluded that attachment falls into 3 patterns: Secure Attachment, Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment, and Avoidant Attachment.

Question 18

Define: Secure Attachement

Answer 18

Baby bonds with caregiver
Gets upset when they leave
Is calm when they return

Question 19

Define: Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 19

Experiences anxiety when caregiver is near
Protests when they leave
Is not comforted when they return

Question 20

At around what age range do children begin to make sounds that correspond to words?

Answer 20

10-13 months

Question 21

Define: Avoidant Attachment

Answer 21

Seeks little contact w/ caregiver
Are not distressed when they leave

Question 22

What is Fast-Mapping?

Answer 22

As long as we expose language to our children, they will learn/understand the words.

Question 23

What is larger during a Childs life at first, Receptive Vocabulary or Productive Vocabulary?

Answer 23

Receptive Vocabulary

Question 24

Who is Erik Erikson?

Answer 24

Theorized there are 8 stages, spanning the lifespan, in personality development.

Question 25

What are the 8 stages of Development in Erik Erikson’s theory?

Answer 25

1. Trust vs Mistrust (Attachment, learning to trust)
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (They should be explore)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (Get along with family)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (Functioning socially outside family)
5. identity vs Confusion (discovering who they are and their path in life)
   ADULTHOOD
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Having close relations with others)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation/self-absorption (concern with society/future generations)
8. Integrity vs Despair (Have I lived a good life or do I regret everything)

Question 26

Who is Jean Piaget and what are his 4 stages?

Answer 26

1. Sensorimotor Stage (BIRTH - 2 YEARS)
   - Coordination of Sensory and motor input/responses
   - DEVELOPMENT OF OBJECT PERMANENCE (understanding something still exists even when it is hidden)
2. Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 YEARS)
   - Development of symbolic thought
   - Struggle with understanding irreversibility, Centration, Egocentrism, Animism, and Conservation (same water in different jug shapes)
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 YEARS)
   - Understand all of Stage 2’s concepts
   - Decentration (able to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously.
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 - ADULTHOOD)
   - Using Logical Reasoning

Question 27

Who is Lev Vytgotsky and what is Private Speech?

Answer 27

Heavily emphasized the role of language in a child’s private speech (theme talking to themselves to work out problems)

Question 28

Who is Lawrence Kohlberg, what did he do, and what are his 3 levels?

Answer 28

Devised a Stage Theory based on subject’s responses to morel dilemmas.
He was interested in a person’s reasoning for their moral judgement, NOT their answer.

HIs 3 levels were:
Preconventional Level - Knowing what’s right or wrong based on punishments
Conventional Level - Knowing what’s right or wrong based on laws or rules.
Post Conventional Level - Develop a personal moral/ethical code beyond societal norms.

Question 28

What is the last area of the brain to mature fully?

Answer 28

pre-frontal cortex

Question 29

What type of memory are elders more likely to experience problems with?

Answer 29

Episodic & Working Memory

Question 30

Who is James Marcia and his 4 Identity Statuses?

Answer 30

Asserts that the presence or absence of a crisis & commitment during the identify formation stage can combine in various ways to produce four different identity statuses:

1. Foreclosure (instant commit to something without exploring other options)
2. Moratorium (establishing identity but not making commitments)
3. Identity Diffusion (lacks direction and apathy/don’t confront challenges)
4. Identity Achievement (Arriving at a sense of direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities)

Question 31

What is dementia and what is the most common kind of dementia?

Answer 31

Memory impairment and is not a normal part of aging.

Alzheimers is the most common and causes plaque within the brain which causes it to deteriorate. Its marked by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.

Question 32

STUDY EXTRA CREDITTTTTTT

Answer 32

ALZHEIMERS & ART