Immunization Principles and Technique Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards
8/28/19
Live attenuated vaccine
Disease producing virus or bacterium weakened in lab, can still replicate but generally does not cause illness
Inactivated whole vaccine
The entire body of a dead virus or bacteria, cannot cause illness response
Inacivated fractional vaccine
A component of the virus or bacteria that the immune system recognizes to mount an antigenic response to, cannot cause illness, such as toxoids, subunits, or polysaccharide
Toxoid
Modified bacterial toxins that retain immunogenic properties but lack toxicity
List the 8 live vaccines
Measles mumps rubella varicella zoster rotavirus intranasal influenza typhoid
Live attenuated vaccines can have interference from…
…circulating antibodies from transfused blood (don’t allow the host to mount a response) and therefore must be administered 2 weeks after a live vaccine or 3 months before
Inactivated vaccines are ___ compared to live vaccines, and therefore typically require a ___
Not as effective, booster
List the 4 whole cell inactivated vaccinees
Polio
Injectable influenza
Hepatitis A
Pertussis
Inactivated vaccines lack interference from…
…circulating antibody levels from transfused blood, and can therefore be administrated at the same time
Can live vaccines be administered together?
Yep except cholera and yellow fever, no decrease in antibody response or adverse reactions
Can live vaccines be given one a day after the other?
No, require 4 week interval between two live injected
How many doses do live attenuated vaccines require?
- Single dose offers long lasting immunity
- 2nd dose administered to ensure seroconversion
How many doses do inactivated vaccines require?
- Multiple doses as well as
- periodic boosting
Should vaccine series be restarted if time has gone past the recommneded interval?
No, just start where you left off
4 day grace period
Refers to requirement that vaccine doses be administered no more than 4 days before the minimal interval or age in order to be counted as valid, otherwise must repeat the vaccine!
Is there a maximum interval between vaccines?
No, you never have to restart a vaccine series just continue where you left off
Can patient’s with mild illness be vaccinated?
Yes, no contraindication to withold vaccination from patients on antibiotics or with mild acute illness
What are the 3 adverse reactions to vaccines
- Local (pain and swelling at the site of injection, usually mild and self limiting)
- Systemic (fever, malaise, headache, may not be related to vaccine)
- Allergic (be alert for anaphylaxis, very rare but require screening such as in the case of egg prtein)
VAERS
Vaccine adverse events reporting system, used to report a bad response to a vaccine regardless of if it is believed to be caused by the vaccine itself or not
Can HIV patients or other immunosuppressed patients receive vaccines?
Generally yes as long as it is under control, sometimes we wait in the case of cancer patients
3 contraindications for live vaccines
Pregnancy, moderate or severe acute illness, recent receipt of antibody containing blood product
7 invalid contraindications for vaccine administration
Minor illness Antibiotic therapy Disease exposure Preganncy in household or breastfeeding Premature birth Nonspecific allergies Family history of adverse events
Thimerosal
A mercury containing preservative added to vials of vaccine that prevent growth of potentially harmful bacteria, was formerly argued to contribute to autism, however since its discontinuation in many vaccines autism rates have only continued to increase in the country
There is more aluminum in ___ than vaccines, there is more formaldehyde in ___ than vaccines
Breast milk, blood stream
Alternative schedules may help families who are hesitent to vaccinate. What is the issue with them?
Delaying the vaccination increases time that children are susceptible to serious disease, no evidence that spreading out has any benefit
Hep B vaccine: Type, schedule
- Inactivated fractional vaccine
- birth, 1-2 months, 6-18 months, 3 dose schedule for adolescents and adults otherwise
DTaP vaccine: type, schedule
- Inactivated fractional vaccine
- used for children younger than 7 and has a larger pertussis conc for initial exposure in children to gain immunity at 2/4/6/15-18 months, and 4-6 yrs
Tdap vaccine: type, schedule
- Inactivated fractional vaccine
- Used on anyone older than 7 ever 10 years as a booster to the DTaP
Cocooning vulnerable infants require that faily members get this vaccine
Tdap for pertussis
Oral polio vaccine
No longer given in developed world because it can cause polio
Polio vaccine: type, schedule
- Inactivated whole
- 2/4/6-18 months, 4-6 years
3 contraindications for influenza vaccine
- Severe egg allergy
- guillian barre syndrome after vaccination
- severe reaction to vaccine
Recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine
Influenza vaccine for those with egg allergies, typically have to order it
Varicella zoster is the name of the ___. Varicella is the name of the ___. Herpes zoster is the name of the ____. What are the corresponding vaccines?
virus, chickenpox, shingles
Varivax, and shingrix
Rotavirus vaccine definition
Disease against the #1 cause of gastroenteritis often seen in infants and children, can use rotarix or rotateq if allergic to latex
Synagis is a vaccine composed of what and given to whom? When?
RSV fighting antibodies IgG to high risk infants through the RSV seasons monthly
Almost always a vaccine should be administered with the bevel facing….
….upward
Luer lock tip syringe
Most commonly used, needle secures on tip with twist mount making it more secure
Slip tip syringe
Commonly used, needle pushed onto tip, less secure
Eccentric tip syringe
Used for injecting medication parapllel to skin of patient (surface vein injection)
Intradermal vaccines require ___ treatment of skin while not ___ the injection site
Tout pulling, not applying pressure at
