Immunization Principles and Technique Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards
8/28/19
Live attenuated vaccine
Disease producing virus or bacterium weakened in lab, can still replicate but generally does not cause illness
Inactivated whole vaccine
The entire body of a dead virus or bacteria, cannot cause illness response
Inacivated fractional vaccine
A component of the virus or bacteria that the immune system recognizes to mount an antigenic response to, cannot cause illness, such as toxoids, subunits, or polysaccharide
Toxoid
Modified bacterial toxins that retain immunogenic properties but lack toxicity
List the 8 live vaccines
Measles mumps rubella varicella zoster rotavirus intranasal influenza typhoid
Live attenuated vaccines can have interference from…
…circulating antibodies from transfused blood (don’t allow the host to mount a response) and therefore must be administered 2 weeks after a live vaccine or 3 months before
Inactivated vaccines are ___ compared to live vaccines, and therefore typically require a ___
Not as effective, booster
List the 4 whole cell inactivated vaccinees
Polio
Injectable influenza
Hepatitis A
Pertussis
Inactivated vaccines lack interference from…
…circulating antibody levels from transfused blood, and can therefore be administrated at the same time
Can live vaccines be administered together?
Yep except cholera and yellow fever, no decrease in antibody response or adverse reactions
Can live vaccines be given one a day after the other?
No, require 4 week interval between two live injected
How many doses do live attenuated vaccines require?
- Single dose offers long lasting immunity
- 2nd dose administered to ensure seroconversion
How many doses do inactivated vaccines require?
- Multiple doses as well as
- periodic boosting
Should vaccine series be restarted if time has gone past the recommneded interval?
No, just start where you left off
4 day grace period
Refers to requirement that vaccine doses be administered no more than 4 days before the minimal interval or age in order to be counted as valid, otherwise must repeat the vaccine!
Is there a maximum interval between vaccines?
No, you never have to restart a vaccine series just continue where you left off
Can patient’s with mild illness be vaccinated?
Yes, no contraindication to withold vaccination from patients on antibiotics or with mild acute illness
What are the 3 adverse reactions to vaccines
- Local (pain and swelling at the site of injection, usually mild and self limiting)
- Systemic (fever, malaise, headache, may not be related to vaccine)
- Allergic (be alert for anaphylaxis, very rare but require screening such as in the case of egg prtein)
VAERS
Vaccine adverse events reporting system, used to report a bad response to a vaccine regardless of if it is believed to be caused by the vaccine itself or not
Can HIV patients or other immunosuppressed patients receive vaccines?
Generally yes as long as it is under control, sometimes we wait in the case of cancer patients
3 contraindications for live vaccines
Pregnancy, moderate or severe acute illness, recent receipt of antibody containing blood product
7 invalid contraindications for vaccine administration
Minor illness Antibiotic therapy Disease exposure Preganncy in household or breastfeeding Premature birth Nonspecific allergies Family history of adverse events
Thimerosal
A mercury containing preservative added to vials of vaccine that prevent growth of potentially harmful bacteria, was formerly argued to contribute to autism, however since its discontinuation in many vaccines autism rates have only continued to increase in the country
There is more aluminum in ___ than vaccines, there is more formaldehyde in ___ than vaccines
Breast milk, blood stream
