Heart Failure Caused by Systolic Dysfunction Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards

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1
Q

Heart failure caused by systolic dysfunction is also known as…

A

….heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF)

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2
Q

Heart failure occurs because of problems in these 2 components of heart function

A
  • Decrease in preload (venous return and end diastolic volume in ventricles stretching myocytes
  • Decrease in myocardial contractility
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3
Q

Systolic dysfunction has a _____ and ___ventricle while diastolic has a ____ and ___ ventricle

A

dilated and floppy, stiff and inflexible

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4
Q

Ejection fraction to diagnose left heart failure must be less than…

A

Less than 40%

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5
Q

Heart failure

A

Clinical syndrome that results when abnormalities in structure or function of myocardium impair the ability of ventricle to fill with (diastolic) or eject blood (systolic)

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6
Q

Most common cause of systolic heart failure

A

Ischemic cardiomyopathy following an acute MI

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7
Q

Most common cause of diastolic heart failure

A

Longstanding uncontrolled hypertension leading to LV hypertrophy

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8
Q

Diastolic heart failure has preserved _____. But the issue is ____ volume containing ability caused by abnormal heart adaptations (despite not appearing to) that have dropped cardiac output

A

Ejection fraction, decreased

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9
Q

Heart failure diagnoses are becoming more prevalent because…

A

…patients are living longer post MI and other forms of heart disease

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10
Q

Myocyte remodeling in systolic heart failure mech of action

A
  • Portion of heart that lacks perfusion (ischemia) becomes thinned and dilated (floppy)
  • decreased CO
  • RAAS system compensates decreased CO by vasoconstricting, increasing contractility, and retaining sodium (and therefore water volume)
  • This actually worsens the cardiac functioning by increasing load placed on heart which is already weaker to begin with
  • Portions of heart muscle surrounding thicken to compensate but it ultimately cannot
  • decreased CO
  • system recycles
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11
Q

Can we have both systolic and diastolic dysfunction and how do you tell?

A

yes and thru imaging studies such as echocardiogram of the heart muscle

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12
Q

Pathways targeted in systolic dysfunction for drug therapy

A
  • B receptors

- RAAS

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13
Q

Natriuretic peptides normal functions and levels in systolic dysfunction heart failure (generally)

A

Counterbalance RAAS by causing vasodilation (BNP) and increase Na+ excretion (and therefore H2O volume as well), levels will be elevated in heart failure

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14
Q

Cardiorenal syndrome

A

Comorbidity due to the low cardiac output associated with systolic dysfunction heart failure causing renal hypoperfusion resulting in renal failure (patients with heart failure often go into renal failure)

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15
Q

2 types of cardiac remodeling

A

1) physiologic - compensatory change in dimension and function of heart in response to stimuli such as pregnancy and exercise (not necessarily chronic or a bad thing)
2) pathologic - permanent changes to the heart’s shape and function in response to stimuli such as seen in MI, cardiomyopathy, HTN, and valvular disease

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16
Q

Risk factors for systolic dysfunction (4)

A
  • CAD***
  • previous MI
  • diabetes
  • HTN
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17
Q

2 types of cardiomyopathy

A

Restricted - diastolic function impacted

Dilated - systolic function impacted

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18
Q

1 risk factor for diastolic dysfunction

A

-HTN

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19
Q

Symptoms of systolic dysfunction heart failure (5)

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Fatigue
  • Peripheral edema
  • weight gain early stage weight loss in advanced stage
  • JVDs
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20
Q

Hepatojugular reflex

A

Distension of neck veins precipitated by placing firm pressure over the liver, distension greater than 3cm is diagnostic for systolic heart failure

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21
Q

Most common type of ventricular failure is found on what side?

A

Left sided

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22
Q

Why do we see shortness of breath in left ventricular failure?

A

Back up of fluid into the lungs from the left ventricle and atrium

23
Q

Leading disease state cause of right ventricular failure

A

Left ventricular failure (fluid backs up from left ventricles to lungs to right ventricle causing increased pressure on it)

24
Q

Common cause of 2ndary** right sided only ventricular failure

A

pulmonary fibrosis from things such as COPD (cor pulmonale)

25
Modified framingham diagnostic criteria for congestive heart failure
Presence of 2 major criteria or 1 major and 2 minor criteria
26
3 ways to classify heart failure
- Functional classification - disease state and progression - echocardiogram (systolic vs diastolic)
27
Functional classification of heart failure and the 4 classes
Relates to syptoms of everyday activities and QOL Class 1 - no limitation Class 2 - slight limitation of physical activity Class 3 - comfortable only at rest Class 4 - symptomatic even at rest
28
Disease state and progression classification of heart failure and the 4 classes
Based on pre-disease to advanced symptoms evidenced by EKGs and echos Stage A - patient high risk of developing but no structural disease or symptoms currently Stage B - patient with structural heart disease but no signs or symptoms Stage C - Patient with structural heart disease and current signs of HF Stage D - Patient with marked symptoms at rest requiring special intervention
29
Echocardiogram (Systolic vs diastolic) classification of heart failure
Determined via echocardiogram Systolic - LV ejection fraction <40%, eccentric, thin ventricle Diastolic - LV ejection fraction >40%, thick ventricle wall
30
Heart failure diagnosis (2)
Clinical H&P based from Framingham criteria, confirmed via echocardiography primarily and EKG secondarily
31
Labs for heart failure (7)
1) CBC - possible anemia or infection 2) CHEM 7 - possible abnormal electrolytes 3) Liver function test - hepatic congestion 4) lipid profile/fasting glucose - check for risk factors 5) TSH - hypo or hyperthyroidism 6) Cardiac biomarkers - may be elevated in suspected MI 7) ***BNP - may be elevated
32
BNP testing can show false positive elevation indicative of heart failure in these 3 other conditions
- pulmonary disease - PE - renal impairment
33
Medications that exacerbate heart failure (2)
- NSAIDS | - CCBs
34
S3 cause and what type of heart failure is it heard with?
- Increased sloshing reverberating against dilated left ventricular wall, not always pathology - More common in a systolic heart failure
35
S4 cause and what type of heart failure is it heard with?
- Blood being forced into a stiff non-compliant ventricle, almost always pathology - more common in a diastolic heart failure
36
Chest Xray findings for LV heart failure and what view is best for seeing it?
- Cardiac silhoutte greater than .5 indicates cardiomegaly as well as pulmonary signs for effusions and edema - only on a PA view can see it
37
Kerley B lines
Occur on a chest xray indicating fluid buildup in lower lobes of the lungs often in LV heart failure
38
Best imaging study for heart failure and best alternative
Transthoracic echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiogram is best alt (but requires sedation :( )
39
If a patient has an ejection fraction between 40-50%, what do you do?
Treat them considering the clinical picture and use judgement (are they symptomatic? Are they high risk for progression?)
40
Systolic heart failure treatment targets
- preload - afterload - improved inotropy
41
4 choice therapies for systolic heart failure
- non pharm lifestyle mods - multiple drugs - surgical - electrophysiological
42
Lifestyle modification therapies for heart failure (3)
- quit smoking - decrease alcohol - salt and fluid restriction
43
Systolic dysfunction has what contraindicated drug class?
non dihydropyridine ca2+ channel blockers (potential to act on heart)
44
Pharmacological treatment for chronic systolic dysfunction heart failure (3)
- ACE and ARB #1 - B blocker - Spironolactone supplementary
45
Stage A-D pharm treatment protocol for chronic systolic dysfunction heart failure
- ACE - ACE and B blocker - ACE and B blocker, diuretics - mechanical assist devices, transplant?
46
Systolic dysfunction indicates ___ in all patients and ___ in all patients without contraindications
ACE, B blocker
47
Digoxin helps with symptoms of heart failure but is not typical to use because it does not...
....affect mortality rates
48
Drug class often indicated for HF patients with atrial fibrillation or recent MI
Anticoagulants
49
2 Devices indicated for patients with LV Ejection Fraction of <30%
- Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | - Biventricular pacemaker (cardiac resyncronization therapy)
50
Patients with LV ejection fraction <30% are at high risk for these 2 conditions
- Ventricular tachycardia | - ventricular fibrillation
51
Implantable left ventricular assist device
Helps patients awaiting transplant pump blood at the ventricle
52
Swan Ganz catheter
Right ventricle catheterization from pulmonary artery to measure CVP, right sided heart pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure
53
The frank starling curve shifts in what direction in response to systolic dysfunction
Down and to the right (stroke volume (y axis) is reduced and preload is increased (LV EDV x axis)
54
End result of myocyte remodeling in systolic heart failure
-end result is hypoperfusion with hypervolemia, and cardiac remodeling of ventricle to be dilated and floppy