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NGN-NCLEX 2024 > Heme System > Flashcards

Heme System Flashcards

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1
Q

The _____ ______ produces blood cells.

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

These cells carry oxygen.

A

RBC’s

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3
Q

Platelet plug formation.

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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4
Q

secrete toxins to fight all pathogens.

A

Neutrophils (WBC)

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5
Q

Fight parasite worms and elevate allergic response.

A

Eosinophils ( WBC)

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6
Q

Release histamine to increase inflammatory response.

A

Basophils (WBC)

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7
Q

Adaptive immune response cells. (T cells, B cells, Memory cells)

A

Lymphocytes (WBC)

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8
Q

recognize infections and fight them off. (antigen presenting cells)

A

Monocytes

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9
Q

an inherited protein attached to the surface of red blood cells.

A

Rh factor

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10
Q

Rh positive can receive _____ or ______ blood.

A

Positive or negative

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11
Q

Rh negative can ONLY receive ______ blood.

A

negative

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12
Q

AB can receive blood from _______.

A

everyone

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13
Q

another name for hemostasis is ______.

A

clotting

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14
Q

Type O is the ______ _______.

A

universal donor

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15
Q

There two pathways to blood clotting _______ and _______.

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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16
Q

Intrinsic blood clotting is trigged by ____ ___ ____ _____.

A

changes in the blood. (platelet aggregation)

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17
Q

Extrensic clotting is triggered by?

A

Something outside the blood vessels. (trauma)

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18
Q

You need _____ to clot.

A

Ca

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19
Q

What are the 3 heme accessory organs?

A
  1. kidneys
  2. spleen
  3. liver
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20
Q

The kidneys stimulate the production of _________.

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

The spleen controls _______ production.

A

spleen controls thrombocyte production.

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22
Q

The liver helps with the ________ factor.

A

clotting

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23
Q

Name 3 anticoagulants

A
  1. Heparin
  2. Warfarin
  3. Aspirin
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24
Q

Enoxaprin is also called?

A

LMW Heparin

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25
Q

Clopidogrel (Plavix) is a _______ drug.

A

antiplatelet

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26
Q

Apixaban (Eliquis) is a ______.

A

anticoagulant

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27
Q

if a patient has a clot Heparin will ____ ______ ______ _____ ______?

A

Not get rid of it.

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28
Q

The end result of heparin is to?

A

slows down clotting

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29
Q

Heparin is used to prevent clots in patients with ______, ________, _______.

A

strokes, chronic a-fib, and post-op.

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30
Q

Clients on a heparin drip have aPTT levels drawn q___ - ____ hours to titrate the drip.

A

4-6

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31
Q

Therapeutic aPTT: _____ - ______x normal.

A

1.5-2x (how long you want the blood to take to clot)

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32
Q

Biggest side effect to monitor with Heparin is _______.

A

bleeding

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33
Q

Name 4 signs x symptoms of bleeding from heparin.

A
  1. Hematuria (pink tinged sputum)
  2. Hematemesis (bloody vomitus)
  3. Bruising
  4. H&Hct (decreased)
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34
Q

The antidote to heparin is ______ ______.

A

protamine sulfate

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35
Q

HITT is a complication of ______ therapy.

A

Heparin

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36
Q

HIIT usually occurs ______ - _______ days after Heparin exposure.

A

5-10 days

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37
Q

If there is an unexplained _____ _____ in any client on heparin suspect HIIT.

A

platelet drop

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38
Q

Chest pain, Chills, Dyspnea, and fever are clinical manifestations of ______.

A

HIIT

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39
Q

What is the treatment of HIIT?

A

Discontinue ALL heparin and start a different coagulant.

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40
Q

Name 3 NC’s of LMW heparin.

A
  1. Always give SC
  2. Can be used during pregnancy (the only one)
  3. May have cultural/religious implications.
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41
Q

Vitamin _____ is the antidote for Warfarin.

A

Vitamin K

42
Q

A patient on warfarin should avoid a diet with?

A

leafy green veggies b/c they are high with Vitamin K.

43
Q

_____ is contraindicated during pregnancy.

A

warfarin

44
Q

Name 2 nursing considerations for Aspirin.

A
  1. Bleeding (don’t admin a week before surgery)
  2. Caution with Pediatric clients (Reyes syndrome)
45
Q

______ ______ can occur with viral infections like the flu or chicken pox: causes vomiting delirium, coma, and death.

A

Reyes Syndrome

46
Q

What is Salicylism?

A

ASA toxicity (due to overdose)

47
Q

_______ _________ is the treatment for acidosis and fluid resuscitation in salicylic.

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

48
Q

Urokinase, streptokinase, and alteplase are all?

A

Fibrinolytics/ Thrombolytics

49
Q

Fibrinolytics/ Thrombolytics are _____ _____.

A

clot busters

50
Q

TPA must be given for a stroke within ______ min.

A

60 minutes

51
Q

Fibrinolytics/ Thrombolytics are a bleeding risk. DO NOT _________?

A

give with other anticoagulants.

52
Q

____ _____ is the approved compatible IV fluid to infuse with/after blood.

A

NS

53
Q

When should vital signs be taken for blood admin?

A

Before, during, and after.

54
Q

How long should you monitor the client after administering blood?

A

30 minutes

55
Q

Name 4 febrile signs of transfusion reactions?

A
  1. Fever
  2. hypotension
  3. chills
  4. tachypnea
56
Q

Name 4 hemolytic symptoms of a transfusion reaction.

A
  1. chest pain
  2. hypotension
  3. tachycardia
  4. apprehension
57
Q

Name 3 symptoms of a allergic transfusion reaction.

A
  1. itching
  2. urticaria / rash
  3. bronchospasm
58
Q

After a transfusion reaction prepare to admin ______ and _______.

A

diphenhydramine and O2

59
Q

How many RN’s need to check blood?

A

Two

60
Q

What should the blood tubing have?

A

filter with a larger gauge IV

61
Q

A rare blood disorder that has an excessive number or abc’s, WBC’s, and thrombocytes.

A

Polycythemia Vera

62
Q

Polycythemia Vera causes the blood to be?

A

hyper viscous (thick and sticky - decreasing perfusion)

63
Q

Name 3 assessments of Polycythemia Vera.

A
  1. Skin - dark purple, cyanotic appearance.
  2. HPTN
  3. Thrombosis
64
Q

What is the tx for polycythemia vera? (name 3)

A
  1. Apheresis (remove blood and reinfuse plasma)
  2. Anticoagulation (heparin, warfarin, LMW hep)
  3. Hydration (dilute RBC’s)
65
Q

What are two client education for polycythemia?

A
  1. Sop activity at the first sign of chest pain.
  2. avoid tight or constrictive clothing
66
Q

What are 3 causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A
  1. Partial gastrectomy
  2. pernicious anemia (body can’t absorb Vitamin B12)
  3. malabsorption syndromes
67
Q

When the body stops producing enough new blood cells.

A

Aplastic anemia

68
Q

What causes aplastic anemia?

A
  1. radiation
  2. insecticides
  3. overall bone marrow damage
69
Q

name 4 assessment findings of aplastic anemia.

A
  1. pallor / cool / clammy
  2. fatigue
  3. dyspnea
  4. Orthostatic HYPO
70
Q

With sickle cell the RBC’s are not able to what?

A

Carry enough oxygen because of the sickle shape

71
Q

In sickle cell crisis the decreased blood flow leads to what?

A
  1. hypoxia
  2. Ischemia
  3. infarction
72
Q

In sickle cell there is sever joint _______ and ________.

A

severe joint pain / splenomegaly

73
Q

hypoxia, exercise, high altitude, and fever can all cause _____ _____ ______.

A

sickle cell crisis

74
Q

Name 3 assessments of sickle cell crisis.

A
  1. pallor
  2. pain
  3. chest-pain
75
Q

What are the 4 main treatments for sickle cell crisis?

A
  1. IV fluids
  2. Blood transfusion
  3. O2
  4. Medications
76
Q

makes your red blood cells bigger. It helps them stay rounder and more flexible — and makes them less likely to turn into a sickle shape

A

hydroxurea

77
Q

a disorder in which proteins that control blood clotting become overactive. There is excessive clotting and excess bleeding.

A

DIC

78
Q

Name 2 triggers of DIC

A
  1. pregnancy complications
  2. blood transfusions
79
Q

headache, speech changes, paralysis, and dizziness are all signs of?

A

A possible brain clot.

80
Q

‘RANDI’ bleeding precautions

A

R- Razor electric
A - Aspirin (NO)
N - Needles (small gauge)
D - Decrease needle sticks
I - Injury (protect)

81
Q

DIC can be caused by _______, _________, and ______.

A

ecclampsia / GN sepsis / cancer

82
Q

What is the tx for DIC?

A

Packed RBC’s and fresh frozen plasma transfusions. Heparin may be prescribed for any thrombi.

83
Q

What is albumin?

A

A major protein found in the blood plasma.

84
Q

Name 3 important roles of Albumin.

A
  1. Oncotic pressure regulation.
  2. fluid balance maintenance
  3. immune function
85
Q

Name 3 conditions that are associated with hypoalbuminemia.

A
  1. nephrotic syndrome
  2. burns
  3. liver cirrhosis
86
Q

another word for epistaxis is?

A

nose bleed

87
Q

How to stop nosebleed?

A

pinch continuously not intermittently

88
Q

When taking enoxaparin (LMW Hep), it doesn’t require the monitoring of _____.

A

aPTT

89
Q

Name 4 contraindications with enoxaparin

A
  1. Recent spinal surgery
  2. epidural
  3. peptic ulcer disease
  4. thrombocytopenia
90
Q

Primary prevention is?

A

intervening before the health issue

91
Q

Secondary prevention is?

A

early identification of the disease

92
Q

tertiary prevention is?

A

treats the disease and prevents further complications.

93
Q

Education, immunization, and modifying risk behaviors are examples of which level of prevention?

A

Primary

94
Q

Screenings, health fairs, and regular BP checks are examples of which level of prevention?

A

Secondary

95
Q

Nutritional education for chronic illness, outpatient therapy and support groups are all examples of which level of prevention?

A

Tertiary

96
Q

An internal radiation therapy where a ration source is placed close to cancer?

A

Brachytherapy

97
Q

A patient doigt brachythrapy has to have visitors stay at least _____ ft away.

A

6

98
Q

On brachytherapy a family should only visit ____ min to ____ hours a day.

A

30 minutes to 2 hours a day

99
Q

Name 4 risk factors of prostate cancer.

A
  1. age >40
  2. Familial history
  3. African-American ethnicity
  4. Diet high in animal fats
100
Q

albumin is a _____.

A

protein

101
Q

albumin is synthesized in the ______.

A

liver

NGN-NCLEX 2024 (63 decks)

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