F/E & ABG's Flashcards
In respiratory acidosis the client is not?
Breathing out enough CO2
Name 4 assessments in a hypernatremic patient.
- restless
- stupor
- coma
- drowsy
3 Musculoskeletal signs of hypernatremia.
- twitching
- cramps
- weakness
4 causes of hyponatremia.
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- NG suction
- Excessive sweating
4 assessments of hyponatremia.
- Seizures
- Increased ICP
- Shallow respirations
- Muscle Spasms
This electrolyte helps maintain fluid balance. It forms stomach acid and is directly related to Na and K.
Chloride
What causes hyperchloremia?
- losing fluid through dehydration, vomiting, or sweating.
- Retaining excessive chloride - d/t steroids / Cushing’s disease.
Which fluid treats Hyperchloremia?
LR
Symptoms of Hyperchloremia are the same as ________mia.
Hypernatremia
Name 2 causes of hypochloremia.
- Volume overload (dilutes chloride)
- Salt loss (burns, sweating, NG tube suction, and CF)
Which fluid helps hypochloremia?
NS
This electrolyte is critical for muscle contraction (heart/skeletal). Its also important in acid base balance
Potassium
Name 3 causes of Hyperkalemia.
- DKA
- Burns
- Meds: ACE/ARBS/Diuretics
Name 3 signs Hyperkalemia.
- Muscle weakness
- EKG changes: Tall-peaked T-waves
- Decreased/ absent DTR’s
Which fluid helps with hyperkalemia?
D5W + regular insulin
3 ways to reduce hyperkalemia.
- Kayexalate
- Diuretics
- Dialysis
If a patient is in hyperkalemia you should _________ potassium supplements.
discontinue
Name 3 foods high in potassium.
- Potatoes
- Salmon
- Dried beans
When you see hypokalemia think ______ and ______.
weakness & fatigue
When a patient is hypokalemic you will see these two EKG changes. Slightly peaked ______ wave, _______ depression, and a prominent _______ wave.
P wave , ST, U wave
When a patient is hypokalemic hold ______.
digoxin
This electrolyte plays an important role in bones, teeth, nerves, and muscles. It helps with coagulation and has an inverse relationship with phosphorus.
Calcium
Name 3 causes of hypercalcemia.
- Vit D toxicity
- Low phosphorus level
- broken down bones
Calcium is controlled by _______.
Vitamin D
A hypocalcemic patient will look ______ and things _________.
sedated / slow down
Name 3 GI signs of hypercalcemia
- hypoactive
- kidney stones
- constipation
Name 2 cardiac signs of Cardiovascular
- DVT
- Bradycardia
________ IV is the preferred fluid tx.
NS IV
Patients with hypercalcemia are _______ not sedated.
HYPER
Two neuromuscular signs of hypocalcemia are _____ sign and _______ sign.
- Chvostek’s sign - cheek twitch with jaw tap
- Trousseau’s sign - BP - hand contraction
Common arrhythmia with hypocalcemia is _________.
V-tach
Calcium rich foods (4)
- Cheese
- Soy milk
- Tofu
- Almonds
Vitamin D rich foods (4)
- Tuna
- Oily fish
- Cod liver oil
- Egg yolk
This electrolyte has an inverse relationship with Calcium. There is also large components of the bones and teeth. Major role in cellular metabolism.
Phosphorus
Name 3 causes of hyperphosphetemia.
- Renal Failure
- Tumor lysis syndrome
- Hyperparathyroidism.
Assessments of hyperphosphetemia are related to symptoms of _________.
hypocalcemia.
Symptoms of hypophosphetemia are related to assessments of ________.
hypercalcemia
Name 3 causes of hypophosphemtemia.
- malnutrition - not eating enough
- TPN - goes around the gut - not getting enough adequate nutrition.
- Alcoholism - impairs the GI tract to absorb nutrients.
Name 2 treatments of hypophosphetemia.
- Diet low in Ca
- Phosphorus replacement
Name 4 Phosphorus rich foods.
- Chocolate
- Cola
- Nuts
- Beans
This electrolyte tends to be directly related to Ca. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle contraction and activating vitamins.
Magnesium
Remember Magnesium acts as a ______.
Sedative
3 signs of hypomagnesemia.
- Vasodilation (warm)
- Coma
- Decreased DTR’s
Name 3 causes of hypomagnesemia.
- Alcoholism
- Diarrhea
- Hypocalcemia / hypoparathyroidism
When assessing a patient with hypomagnesemia they will be _________.
opposite of sedated
3 signs of hypomagnesemia.
- Psychosis
- Tetany seizures
- Cramping
________ is a common arrhythmia seen in hypomagnesemia.
Torsades de pointes
How do you treat Torsades de pointes?
IV push magnesium
Same tonicity as the blood. _______ fluids will not cause a fluid shift.
Isotonic
________ fluids has less particles than the blood.
hypotonic
When will you use hypotonic fluids?
DKA
HHNS (Type 2)
Hypernatremia
COPD, Stroke, Lung disease, and pneumonia are all causes of _________?
Respiratory Acidosis
A patient in respiratory acidosis will look _______, ________, and ______.
confused, lethargic, and dyspnea.
When in respiratory acidosis to treat the patient you should give them? (2)
- Give O2
- Mechanical Vent
In Respiratory Alkalosis there is ________ ventilation. The lungs are getting rid of too much ________.
increased / CO2
Panic attacks, shock, pulmonary embolism, and increased altitude are causes of _____ ______.
Respiratory alkalosis
A patient in respiratory alkalosis will have ______, _______, and _____ ______.
SOB, H/F numb, Chest pain.
In Metabolic Acidosis HCO3 has ______.
decreased
_________, __________, and ________ are all causes of Metabolic acidosis.
DKA, Starvation, and Diarrhea.
A patient in metabolic acidosis will be ______, ______, and _______.
Tachycardia, Dysrhythmia, and have fruity breath.
Name 3 treatments of metabolic acidosis.
- Insulin / IV fluids
- Sodium bicarb
- Dialysis
In Metabolic Alkalosis there is an ______ in HCO3 because of _____ _____.
increase / acid loss
______, ________, and ______ are all causes of metabolic alkalosis.
Antacid, prolonged emesis, NG tube suctioning.
A patient in metabolic alkalosis will be _____, ______, and ______.
lethargic, tachycardia, and arrhythmic.
TX for metabolic alkalosis.
- Replace lost F/E’s
- Antiemetics
