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NGN-NCLEX 2024 > F/E & ABG's > Flashcards

F/E & ABG's Flashcards

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1
Q

In respiratory acidosis the client is not?

A

Breathing out enough CO2

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2
Q

Name 4 assessments in a hypernatremic patient.

A
  1. restless
  2. stupor
  3. coma
  4. drowsy
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3
Q

3 Musculoskeletal signs of hypernatremia.

A
  1. twitching
  2. cramps
  3. weakness
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4
Q

4 causes of hyponatremia.

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhea
  3. NG suction
  4. Excessive sweating
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5
Q

4 assessments of hyponatremia.

A
  1. Seizures
  2. Increased ICP
  3. Shallow respirations
  4. Muscle Spasms
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6
Q

This electrolyte helps maintain fluid balance. It forms stomach acid and is directly related to Na and K.

A

Chloride

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7
Q

What causes hyperchloremia?

A
  1. losing fluid through dehydration, vomiting, or sweating.
  2. Retaining excessive chloride - d/t steroids / Cushing’s disease.
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8
Q

Which fluid treats Hyperchloremia?

A

LR

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9
Q

Symptoms of Hyperchloremia are the same as ________mia.

A

Hypernatremia

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10
Q

Name 2 causes of hypochloremia.

A
  1. Volume overload (dilutes chloride)
  2. Salt loss (burns, sweating, NG tube suction, and CF)
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11
Q

Which fluid helps hypochloremia?

A

NS

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12
Q

This electrolyte is critical for muscle contraction (heart/skeletal). Its also important in acid base balance

A

Potassium

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13
Q

Name 3 causes of Hyperkalemia.

A
  1. DKA
  2. Burns
  3. Meds: ACE/ARBS/Diuretics
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14
Q

Name 3 signs Hyperkalemia.

A
  1. Muscle weakness
  2. EKG changes: Tall-peaked T-waves
  3. Decreased/ absent DTR’s
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15
Q

Which fluid helps with hyperkalemia?

A

D5W + regular insulin

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16
Q

3 ways to reduce hyperkalemia.

A
  1. Kayexalate
  2. Diuretics
  3. Dialysis
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17
Q

If a patient is in hyperkalemia you should _________ potassium supplements.

A

discontinue

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18
Q

Name 3 foods high in potassium.

A
  1. Potatoes
  2. Salmon
  3. Dried beans
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19
Q

When you see hypokalemia think ______ and ______.

A

weakness & fatigue

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20
Q

When a patient is hypokalemic you will see these two EKG changes. Slightly peaked ______ wave, _______ depression, and a prominent _______ wave.

A

P wave , ST, U wave

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21
Q

When a patient is hypokalemic hold ______.

A

digoxin

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22
Q

This electrolyte plays an important role in bones, teeth, nerves, and muscles. It helps with coagulation and has an inverse relationship with phosphorus.

A

Calcium

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23
Q

Name 3 causes of hypercalcemia.

A
  1. Vit D toxicity
  2. Low phosphorus level
  3. broken down bones
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23
Q

Calcium is controlled by _______.

A

Vitamin D

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24
Q

A hypocalcemic patient will look ______ and things _________.

A

sedated / slow down

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25
Q

Name 3 GI signs of hypercalcemia

A
  1. hypoactive
  2. kidney stones
  3. constipation
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26
Q

Name 2 cardiac signs of Cardiovascular

A
  1. DVT
  2. Bradycardia
27
Q

________ IV is the preferred fluid tx.

A

NS IV

28
Q

Patients with hypercalcemia are _______ not sedated.

A

HYPER

29
Q

Two neuromuscular signs of hypocalcemia are _____ sign and _______ sign.

A
  1. Chvostek’s sign - cheek twitch with jaw tap
  2. Trousseau’s sign - BP - hand contraction
30
Q

Common arrhythmia with hypocalcemia is _________.

A

V-tach

31
Q

Calcium rich foods (4)

A
  1. Cheese
  2. Soy milk
  3. Tofu
  4. Almonds
32
Q

Vitamin D rich foods (4)

A
  1. Tuna
  2. Oily fish
  3. Cod liver oil
  4. Egg yolk
33
Q

This electrolyte has an inverse relationship with Calcium. There is also large components of the bones and teeth. Major role in cellular metabolism.

A

Phosphorus

34
Q

Name 3 causes of hyperphosphetemia.

A
  1. Renal Failure
  2. Tumor lysis syndrome
  3. Hyperparathyroidism.
35
Q

Assessments of hyperphosphetemia are related to symptoms of _________.

A

hypocalcemia.

36
Q

Symptoms of hypophosphetemia are related to assessments of ________.

A

hypercalcemia

37
Q

Name 3 causes of hypophosphemtemia.

A
  1. malnutrition - not eating enough
  2. TPN - goes around the gut - not getting enough adequate nutrition.
  3. Alcoholism - impairs the GI tract to absorb nutrients.
38
Q

Name 2 treatments of hypophosphetemia.

A
  1. Diet low in Ca
  2. Phosphorus replacement
39
Q

Name 4 Phosphorus rich foods.

A
  1. Chocolate
  2. Cola
  3. Nuts
  4. Beans
40
Q

This electrolyte tends to be directly related to Ca. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle contraction and activating vitamins.

A

Magnesium

41
Q

Remember Magnesium acts as a ______.

A

Sedative

42
Q

3 signs of hypomagnesemia.

A
  1. Vasodilation (warm)
  2. Coma
  3. Decreased DTR’s
43
Q

Name 3 causes of hypomagnesemia.

A
  1. Alcoholism
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Hypocalcemia / hypoparathyroidism
44
Q

When assessing a patient with hypomagnesemia they will be _________.

A

opposite of sedated

45
Q

3 signs of hypomagnesemia.

A
  1. Psychosis
  2. Tetany seizures
  3. Cramping
46
Q

________ is a common arrhythmia seen in hypomagnesemia.

A

Torsades de pointes

47
Q

How do you treat Torsades de pointes?

A

IV push magnesium

48
Q

Same tonicity as the blood. _______ fluids will not cause a fluid shift.

A

Isotonic

49
Q

________ fluids has less particles than the blood.

A

hypotonic

50
Q

When will you use hypotonic fluids?

A

DKA
HHNS (Type 2)
Hypernatremia

51
Q

COPD, Stroke, Lung disease, and pneumonia are all causes of _________?

A

Respiratory Acidosis

52
Q

A patient in respiratory acidosis will look _______, ________, and ______.

A

confused, lethargic, and dyspnea.

53
Q

When in respiratory acidosis to treat the patient you should give them? (2)

A
  1. Give O2
  2. Mechanical Vent
54
Q

In Respiratory Alkalosis there is ________ ventilation. The lungs are getting rid of too much ________.

A

increased / CO2

55
Q

Panic attacks, shock, pulmonary embolism, and increased altitude are causes of _____ ______.

A

Respiratory alkalosis

56
Q

A patient in respiratory alkalosis will have ______, _______, and _____ ______.

A

SOB, H/F numb, Chest pain.

57
Q

In Metabolic Acidosis HCO3 has ______.

A

decreased

58
Q

_________, __________, and ________ are all causes of Metabolic acidosis.

A

DKA, Starvation, and Diarrhea.

59
Q

A patient in metabolic acidosis will be ______, ______, and _______.

A

Tachycardia, Dysrhythmia, and have fruity breath.

60
Q

Name 3 treatments of metabolic acidosis.

A
  1. Insulin / IV fluids
  2. Sodium bicarb
  3. Dialysis
61
Q

In Metabolic Alkalosis there is an ______ in HCO3 because of _____ _____.

A

increase / acid loss

62
Q

______, ________, and ______ are all causes of metabolic alkalosis.

A

Antacid, prolonged emesis, NG tube suctioning.

63
Q

A patient in metabolic alkalosis will be _____, ______, and ______.

A

lethargic, tachycardia, and arrhythmic.

64
Q

TX for metabolic alkalosis.

A
  1. Replace lost F/E’s
  2. Antiemetics

NGN-NCLEX 2024 (63 decks)

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