Health FINAL EXAM!!! Flashcards
The chemical process by which your body breaks down food to release energy
Metabolism
Substances that the body needs to regulate bodily functions, promote growth, repair body tissue, and obtain energy
Nutrients
The amount of energy released when nutrients are broken down is measured in this unit
Calories
Nutrients made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Supply energy for your body’s functions
Carbohydrates
Type of complex carbohydrate that is found in plants and is necessary for the proper functioning of the digestive system
Fiber
Nutrient made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Supply your body with energy, form your cells, maintain body temperature, and protect your nerves
Fats
Have at least one unsaturated bond in a place where hydrogen can be added to the molecule
Found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds
Unsaturated fats
Fats that have all the hydrogen the carbon atoms can hold
Animal fats such as lard and dairy products that can cause heart disease
Saturated fats
A waxy, fatlike substance that is found only in animal products
May cause plaque to buildup and block blood flow leading to the heart
Cholesterol
Made when manufacturers add hydrogen to the fat molecules in vegetable oils to keep foods fresher longer
Trans fat
Serves as a source of energy, most importantly assist in the growth and repair of body tissues
Proteins
Small units that are bound together chemically to form proteins
Amino acids
What are the 6 classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
Which 3 nutrients supply your body with energy
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
What are simple carbohydrates
Also known as simple sugars or fast carbs
The body breaks them down faster and may give you short bursts of energy
What are 3 examples of simple carbohydrates
Fruits
Vegetables
Milk
What are complex carbohydrates
Sugars that are linked together also known as complex sugars or slow carbs
They body breaks them down slower giving you longer lasting energy
What are 3 examples of complex carbohydrates
Rice Cereal Wheat Potatoes Pasta
Why might a high fiber diet be healthful
Helps prevent constipation, may reduce risk of colon cancer, may help prevent heart disease
What are some examples of foods that will provide a good source of fiber
Whole-grain breads/cereals Vegetables Fruits Nuts Beans Seeds
Why might complex carbohydrates be better for you than simple carbohydrates
The excess carbohydrates are stored as fat if all your body’s glycogen (filled up by simple carbohydrates) are full
What are the 2 types of unsaturated fats
Why are they important
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
A nutrient that is made by living things, is required in small amounts, and assists in chemical reactions in the body
Vitamin
A vitamin that helps protect heathy cells from the damage caused by the normal aging process as well as from certain types of cancer
Antioxidant
A nutrient that occurs naturally in rocks or soil
Needed by the body in small amounts
Mineral
A condition in which the red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin
One may feel weak, tired, and may become sick easily
Anemia
The process of maintaining a steady state inside the body
Homeostasis
A dissolved substance in water that regulates many processes in cells
Electrolyte
A serious reduction in the body’s water content
75% of the brain is made of water
Dehydration
How are vitamins and minerals different
Vitamins are made by living things
Minerals occur naturally in rocks and soil
What role does water play in the body
Nearly all of the body’s chemical reactions, including those that produce energy and build new tissues, gets rid of waste, and aids in digestion
Important in blood clotting and the functioning of your nervous system and muscles
Essential ingredient in the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth
Calcium
Maintains water balance in the body and makes proteins
Helps in the functioning of the heart and nervous system
Potassium
Necessary for healthy red blood cells that carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body using hemoglobin and energy metabolism
Iron
Important in the functioning of the heart and water balance
Sodium
How much water should a female 14-18 years old consume daily
Ten 8-ounce cups
How much water should a male 14-18 years old consume daily
Fourteen 8-ounce cups
What are the 4 dietary guidelines
Make smart food choices
Balance food and physical activity
Get the most nutrition out of your calories
Handle food safely
Any pathogen that spreads from one person to another during sexual contact
Sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STI/STD)
What are some harmful effects of STIs
Pain Discomfort Embarrassment Infertility Cancers
List the 3 risky behaviors that contribute to the current STI epidemic
Ignoring risks
Multiple partners
Not seeking treatment
What are 3 ways to avoid STIs
Practice abstinence
Avoid drugs
Choose responsible friends
Inflammation in the lining of the urethra
Urethritis
A vaginal infection or irritation
Vaginitis
A serious infection in the female reproductive organs that can lead to infertility or an ectopic pregnancy
A potentially fatal condition where a fertilized effect implants somewhere other than the uterus
Pelvic inflammatory disease
A STI caused by a protozoan that infects the urinary tract or vagina
Symptoms for males — painful urination, clear discharge, itching
Symptoms for females — itching/burning, yellowish discharge, pain when urinating, bad smell
Trichomoniasis
A very common viral sexually transmitted infection
One of the most serious conditions associated with this is cervical cancer
Symptoms —genital warts, cervical cancer in women
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
A very common viral STI caused by bacteria #1 most common STI in the United States Symptoms for males — painful, frequent urination, and discharge, can lead to urethritis Symptoms for females — yellowish discharge, can lead to PID
Chlamydia
STI that attacks the liver
Also spread by blood-to-blood contact
Symptoms — nausea, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, can lead to liver cancer it cirrhosis
Hepatitis
Condition which normal liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue
Cirrhosis
A bacterial STI that infects the unitary tract of males and females and the reproductive organs of females
If left untreated it can lead to urethritis, PID, and infertility
Symptoms — puslike discharge and painful urination
Gonorrhea
A viral STI caused by herpes simplex virus; may have no noticeable symptoms; there is no cure
Symptoms — painful blisters that appear around the genitals
Genital herpes
Serious bacterial STI that progressed through 3 stages
Eventually may cause brain damage, paralysis, and heart disease
Pregnant women will pass it on to the baby
Symptoms — sores in mouth, flulike symptoms, nonitchy skin rash, brain damage, paralysis, heart disease
Syphilis
Which STIs can be treated but not cured
HPV
Hepatitis B and C
Genital herpes
Which STIs can be cured
Chlamydia Trichomoniasis Bacterial vaginitis Pubic lice Scabies Syphilis Gonorrhea
The most serious incurable STI that can lead to AIDS
Attacks specific cells of the immune system disabling the body’s defense against other pathogens
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Often a fatal disease of the immune system
The body’s ability to fight diseases has been weekend by HIV
The infected person is more likely to get infections that a healthy person’s immune system could easily fight off
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
What are the three stages of syphilis
1st :: painless sore called a chancre that can spread to different parts if the body
2nd :: sores in the mouth and flulike symptoms. Nonitchy rash can appear on the hands and feet
3rd :: bacteria may attack internal parts of the body
What are the 3 stages of AIDS
Asymptomatic stage
Symptomatic stage
AIDS
what is the asymptomatic stage
The infected person may experience flu-like symptoms, which usually go away after a few weeks
The person will show no outward signs of HIV but can still infect others
The infections that attack a person with a weakened immune system
Opportunistic infection
What is the symptomatic stage
Infected person beings to experience symptoms; symptoms include weight loss, persistent fever, diarrhea, or fungal infections
Symptoms may not appear until 7-10 years
What are 4 ways HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person
Unprotected sexual contact and bodily fluids
Shared needles
Contact with blood
Mother to baby; pregnancy, birth, breast feeding
List the 5 ways the book suggests you can prevent HIV
Practice abstinence Avoid drugs and needles Avoid contact with blood or body fluids Sexual fidelity in marriage Barrier protection
