EXAMS Flashcards
1
Q
Cyrus the Great
A
conquered Sardis and Lydia, leaving non-Greek satraphs. This led to the Ionian Revolt.
2
Q
Ionian Revolt
A
Ionians revolt when Cyrus gives them non-Greek satraphs - gets Athens to burn Sardis
3
Q
Marathon
A
result of the Ionian Revolt - Persians crushed
4
Q
Darius
A
Persian king who led the second inasion of Greece at Thermopylae
5
Q
Parthenon
A
famous Athenian landmark that was built to celebrate the victory over the Persians
6
Q
Xerxes
A
Persian king who led the second invasion of Greece at Thermopylae
7
Q
Themistocles
A
Athenian statesman and general from Marathon who championed the defense of the sea in the subsequent wars
8
Q
Leonides
A
Spartan king leading the ground defense
9
Q
Sardis
A
burnt down during the Ionian Revolt - action helped by Athens
10
Q
Thermopylae
A
Persians vs. Greeks
11
Q
Artemesian Strait
A
strait where Themistocles attacked the Persians and won
12
Q
Euboea
A
200 ships of the Persian fleet sunk here - this was an omen saying that Zeus was for the Greek
13
Q
Phocia
A
home of the Phocians
14
Q
Dineces/Dionikes
A
Leonides’ right hand man who refused to surrender to Xerxes, saying, “Then we shall have our battle under the shade.”
15
Q
The Immortals
A
Persian army, could march silently, if died would be replaced
16
Q
Thespia
A
1000 of them stayed with Leonides and the 300 to fight
17
Q
Isthmus of Corinth
A
Where the Greeks regrouped while the 1000 Thesbians and 300 Spartans fought
18
Q
Strait of Salamis
A
where Athens had a victory over Persia, sending a double agent to deceive the Persians into coming into the straight and capturing their ships
19
Q
Plataea
A
land of victory for the Greeks - end of the war
20
Q
Mycale
A
victory over Persia, chased the Persians to Asia Minor
21
Q
Milesians
A
Persian version of Phocians, ended up helping Greeks by leading Persians to the Greeks
22
Q
Hellenic League
A
league of all the Greeks
23
Q
Delian League
A
League under Athens
24
Q
Peloponnesian League
A
League under Sparta
25
Pausanias
Leonides' nephew and regent for Leonides' son who won at the battle of Plataea but was accused of negotiating with Xerxes
26
Mardonius
lost the battle of Platae, Xerxes' son in law
27
Xanthippius
Athenian commander who replaced Pausanias
28
Pericles
Xanthippius' son, got the idea of the Long Walls
29
Lysander of Sparta
killed Alcibiades
30
Artaxerxes
heir to the throne after Xerxes, ruler in Esther
31
Esther
said that Xerxes loved women and picked a woman to replace his favorite wife
32
Alcibiades
Betrayer
33
Peace of Nicias
Peace treaty - 6 years (between Athens and Sparta)
34
War on Sicily
Alcibiades convinced Athenians to go take Sicily over for gold - ends up being defeated
35
Pericles Funeral Oration
speech given in honor for dead Athenians - talked of their democracy - Athens was the best
36
Herodotus
Greek father of history
37
Artaxerxes
King's Peace between the Greeks, lost Egypt, Persian King
38
March of the Ten Thousand
when Artaxerxes could not even control the 10,000 Greeks
39
King's Peace
Artaxerxes negotiated this peace between Sparta and Athens
40
Philip of Macedon
father of Olympias
41
Olympias
wife of Philip and mother of Alexander; Greek, loved snakes
42
Alexander III (Great)
son of PHilip and Olympias
43
Bucephalus
Alexander's horse, scared of the shadow, first indication of Alexander's intelligence
44
Hephaestion
Alexander's friend/lover; died of Typhoid fever, Alexander was distraught
45
Aristotle
tutored Alexander, Greek
46
Isocrates
invoked panhellenism
47
Panegyric
Isocrates' plea for the Greeks to unite as a people, panhellenism
48
Battle of Chaeronea
where Alexander showed skill, Greece lost independence, Macedonians vs. Greeks
49
Corinthian League
loose association between Macedonians
50
Parmenio
Alexander's general who suggested to retreat
51
Achaemenid Empire
Firest Persian empire ruled by Caesar
52
Darius III
Persian king who was Alexander's primary enemy
53
Hellespont
crossing connects Greece and Asia, crosed it at Granicus
54
Granicu River
Darius told his men to fight this "insignificant" battle without him, first battle in Asia
55
Gordian Knot
in the shrine of Zeus, anyone who untied it would be the ruler of Asia
56
Tyre
early inhabitants of Carthage, refused to surrender to Alexander for 7 months
57
Issus
river in Syria where Darius and Alexander met - Persian numerical number did not give them advantage on this small battle
58
Alexandria
Egypt, established by Alexander
59
Lord of the COntinent of Asia
what Alexander said Darius must call him if they should make any treaties.
60
Siwa
Place of the shrine where Alexander wanted to be buried
61
Zeus Ammon
Alexander's father. In the temple, he heard that he would conquer the world, Philip's murderer was killed, he was the son of Zeus
62
Gaugamela
last battle, Persians defeated: Darius fled and was killed
63
Persepolis
sacked by Alexander - shamed the Macedonians
64
Mallia
where Alexander was struck in the chest by an arrow (in India)
65
Babylon
center of Alexander's empire
66
Euclid
lived around 300 BC, Greek who lived in Alexandria, "Father of Geometry"
67
Archimedes
Greek from Sicily, principle of gravity
68
Aeneas
Trojan who came to Italy
69
Romulus and Remus
descendents of the Alba Longa Kings - founded Rome
70
Etruscans
north of Rome, asserted themselves into the monarchy
71
Tarquin
violent tyrant, despised by the Romans
72
Celts
Gauls
73
Carthage
key rival of the Romans
74
Stonehenge
famous monument in Britain
75
Livy
Roman historian, also called Titus Livius
76
Virgil
wrote the Aeneid
77
Aeneid
story of how Italy was founded
78
Hamilcar Barca
Carthaginian general who regrouped to the Iberian Peninsula, made up for land losses, established the base where to strike
79
Hannibal
led his troops over the Alps into Italy in an attempt to overthrow Rome
80
Iberian Peninsula
in Spain, where Hamilcar Barca retreated
81
Trebia
victory ofr Hannibal
82
Tiberius Gracchus
complained that the poor served the country but got no land. He tried curbing the estate buildings of the patricians and used his personal popularity to incite civil disobedience and bring it to a vote - killed
83
Marius
general who wanted to build a new army where loyalty was no longer to the state but politics was part of the army. He was a novus homo who was elected into the consul 6 times. He gave citizenship to allies. Both were against the constitution
84
Sulla
Marius' lieutenant, takes army into rome as "liberator," killed 6000 men who fought against the taking of Rome. One man who escaped was Julius Caesar
85
People part of the triumvirate
Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar
86
Spartacus
gladiator who led serious revolt against Rome, 2 years of fighting
87
Octavian
named himself "Augustus" - consecrated one. "Heir" of Caesar, established the Pax Romana
88
Hoplites
Greek soldier
89
Hoplon
shield
90
Dory
Spear
91
Xiphos
sword
92
Lamoleer
armor, made of linnen/leather, bronze - repels arrows and spear thrusts
93
pontoon bridge
bridge Xerxes built across the Hellespont made of papyrus
94
nike
"victory" shouted by the Athenian runner, what Athena's statue is holding
95
omen
sign
96
trireme
Greek ship that had hulls made of pine and prows of cedar and bronze
97
phalanx
Greek formation of the army
98
satraphs
governors appointed by Cyrus the Great
99
ostracizing
exiling a politician for 10 years - Athens
100
Demes
Greek word for "people" - democracy is a "rule of people."
101
Panhellenic
all of Greece
102
Hellenization
spreading of Greek culture
103
Hedge of Steel
Macedonian phalanx
104
Scythed Chariots
chariots that had pikes sticking out of the wheel
105
proskynesis
kiss of hand and salute, bow, kneel, or prostration. Sign of respect among the Persians but only for gods in Greece
106
Triumvirate
rule of 3
107
Augustus
Octavian's name - consecrated one
108
Dominus et Deus
Lord and God - Domitian
109
Cynics
Diongenes hated power and worldly possessions
110
Stoics
Zeno of Citium taught courage, acceptance, patience - brotherhood of mankind influences Christianity
111
Epicurean
Epicurus beleived in no life after death, pleasure and pain measured good/bad
112
patrician
majority of power, hereditary might/rule
113
Plebians
commoners
114
Civitas sine suffragio
when semi-citizens like the people of Campania were granted citizenship but could not vote
115
Pontifex Maximus
highest priest in Rome
116
Novus homo
those without a noble bloodline, the first to enter the political arena - by glory
117
Dictator
leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army, chosen by the consuls, elected by the senate
118
Decemvirs
10 law makers
119
Twelve Tables
1st Roman Law
120
SPQR
Senatus Populusque Romani
121
Punic
language and culture of Carthage
122
Veni, vidi, vici
caesar said, "I came, I saw, I conquered"
123
Pax Romana
peace for cultural pursuits and inquiry to flourish, established by Octavian
124
Traditional date of founding Rome
753
125
Rome establishes Republic
509
126
Burning of Sardis
500
127
Marathon
490
128
Thermopylae and Salmis
480
129
Battles of Plataea and Mycale
479
130
Delian and Spartan Leagues formed - skirmishes
477
131
Official beginning of Peloponnesian wars
435
132
Persia: Signs of Decline
404-401
133
King's Peace
387
134
Isocrates calls for panhellenism
380
135
Alexander III is born to Philip and Olympias
356
136
Battle of Chaeronea
338
137
Philip of Macedonia assassinated, Alexander ascends to throne
336
138
Alexander dies in Babylon
323
139
First Punic War
269-241
140
Second Punic War
218-202
141
Effective end of Roman Republic
135
142
Effective rule of triumvirate
78-46
143
Julius Caesar declared emperor for life; too ambitious so murdered
44
144
Octavian (Caesar's nephew) becomes emperor; takes name Augustus, establishes Pax Romana
44
145
Which country was Hannibal from?
Carthage
146
Which mountain range did Hannibal cross to get to Italy
Alps
147
How many elephants did he cross the Alps with?
37
148
How did the cold weather effect the outcome of the battle?
Romans were unprepared, starving, and freezing. The Carthaginians were well-fed and warm
149
Why did this battle occur?
Romans wanted to stop Carthage. Hannibal wanted revenge.
150
Why did the Jews kill themselves?
Scared, wanted to die respectfully, not under the hands of barbarians
151
What did the Romans build to get to the mountain?
Ramp/Bridge
152
Why did the Romans build a bridge?
Had to build a way to travel (jews destroyed the path)
153
Who was the leader of the Romans in the Teutoberg?
Publius QunitiliusVarus
154
Where did the battle take place?
Forests of Teutoberg
155
What were the battle strategies the Germans used in the battle of Teutoberg?
hit and run, guerrilla tactics
156
Why did the battle of Teutoberg occur?
Germanic troops were tired of Roman policies because of the heavy taxes and lack of respect for Germanic culture
157
Describe the importance of the forests in Teutoberg?
Germans could attack and fade back. The Roman formations were ineffective - men were lost
