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EXAMS Flashcards

1
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

conquered Sardis and Lydia, leaving non-Greek satraphs. This led to the Ionian Revolt.

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2
Q

Ionian Revolt

A

Ionians revolt when Cyrus gives them non-Greek satraphs - gets Athens to burn Sardis

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3
Q

Marathon

A

result of the Ionian Revolt - Persians crushed

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4
Q

Darius

A

Persian king who led the second inasion of Greece at Thermopylae

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5
Q

Parthenon

A

famous Athenian landmark that was built to celebrate the victory over the Persians

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6
Q

Xerxes

A

Persian king who led the second invasion of Greece at Thermopylae

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7
Q

Themistocles

A

Athenian statesman and general from Marathon who championed the defense of the sea in the subsequent wars

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8
Q

Leonides

A

Spartan king leading the ground defense

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9
Q

Sardis

A

burnt down during the Ionian Revolt - action helped by Athens

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10
Q

Thermopylae

A

Persians vs. Greeks

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11
Q

Artemesian Strait

A

strait where Themistocles attacked the Persians and won

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12
Q

Euboea

A

200 ships of the Persian fleet sunk here - this was an omen saying that Zeus was for the Greek

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13
Q

Phocia

A

home of the Phocians

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14
Q

Dineces/Dionikes

A

Leonides’ right hand man who refused to surrender to Xerxes, saying, “Then we shall have our battle under the shade.”

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15
Q

The Immortals

A

Persian army, could march silently, if died would be replaced

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16
Q

Thespia

A

1000 of them stayed with Leonides and the 300 to fight

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17
Q

Isthmus of Corinth

A

Where the Greeks regrouped while the 1000 Thesbians and 300 Spartans fought

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18
Q

Strait of Salamis

A

where Athens had a victory over Persia, sending a double agent to deceive the Persians into coming into the straight and capturing their ships

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19
Q

Plataea

A

land of victory for the Greeks - end of the war

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20
Q

Mycale

A

victory over Persia, chased the Persians to Asia Minor

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21
Q

Milesians

A

Persian version of Phocians, ended up helping Greeks by leading Persians to the Greeks

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22
Q

Hellenic League

A

league of all the Greeks

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23
Q

Delian League

A

League under Athens

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24
Q

Peloponnesian League

A

League under Sparta

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25
Q

Pausanias

A

Leonides’ nephew and regent for Leonides’ son who won at the battle of Plataea but was accused of negotiating with Xerxes

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26
Q

Mardonius

A

lost the battle of Platae, Xerxes’ son in law

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27
Q

Xanthippius

A

Athenian commander who replaced Pausanias

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28
Q

Pericles

A

Xanthippius’ son, got the idea of the Long Walls

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29
Q

Lysander of Sparta

A

killed Alcibiades

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30
Q

Artaxerxes

A

heir to the throne after Xerxes, ruler in Esther

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31
Q

Esther

A

said that Xerxes loved women and picked a woman to replace his favorite wife

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32
Q

Alcibiades

A

Betrayer

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33
Q

Peace of Nicias

A

Peace treaty - 6 years (between Athens and Sparta)

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34
Q

War on Sicily

A

Alcibiades convinced Athenians to go take Sicily over for gold - ends up being defeated

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35
Q

Pericles Funeral Oration

A

speech given in honor for dead Athenians - talked of their democracy - Athens was the best

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36
Q

Herodotus

A

Greek father of history

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37
Q

Artaxerxes

A

King’s Peace between the Greeks, lost Egypt, Persian King

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38
Q

March of the Ten Thousand

A

when Artaxerxes could not even control the 10,000 Greeks

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39
Q

King’s Peace

A

Artaxerxes negotiated this peace between Sparta and Athens

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40
Q

Philip of Macedon

A

father of Olympias

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41
Q

Olympias

A

wife of Philip and mother of Alexander; Greek, loved snakes

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42
Q

Alexander III (Great)

A

son of PHilip and Olympias

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43
Q

Bucephalus

A

Alexander’s horse, scared of the shadow, first indication of Alexander’s intelligence

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44
Q

Hephaestion

A

Alexander’s friend/lover; died of Typhoid fever, Alexander was distraught

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45
Q

Aristotle

A

tutored Alexander, Greek

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46
Q

Isocrates

A

invoked panhellenism

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47
Q

Panegyric

A

Isocrates’ plea for the Greeks to unite as a people, panhellenism

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48
Q

Battle of Chaeronea

A

where Alexander showed skill, Greece lost independence, Macedonians vs. Greeks

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49
Q

Corinthian League

A

loose association between Macedonians

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50
Q

Parmenio

A

Alexander’s general who suggested to retreat

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51
Q

Achaemenid Empire

A

Firest Persian empire ruled by Caesar

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52
Q

Darius III

A

Persian king who was Alexander’s primary enemy

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53
Q

Hellespont

A

crossing connects Greece and Asia, crosed it at Granicus

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54
Q

Granicu River

A

Darius told his men to fight this “insignificant” battle without him, first battle in Asia

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55
Q

Gordian Knot

A

in the shrine of Zeus, anyone who untied it would be the ruler of Asia

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56
Q

Tyre

A

early inhabitants of Carthage, refused to surrender to Alexander for 7 months

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57
Q

Issus

A

river in Syria where Darius and Alexander met - Persian numerical number did not give them advantage on this small battle

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58
Q

Alexandria

A

Egypt, established by Alexander

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59
Q

Lord of the COntinent of Asia

A

what Alexander said Darius must call him if they should make any treaties.

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60
Q

Siwa

A

Place of the shrine where Alexander wanted to be buried

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61
Q

Zeus Ammon

A

Alexander’s father. In the temple, he heard that he would conquer the world, Philip’s murderer was killed, he was the son of Zeus

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62
Q

Gaugamela

A

last battle, Persians defeated: Darius fled and was killed

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63
Q

Persepolis

A

sacked by Alexander - shamed the Macedonians

64
Q

Mallia

A

where Alexander was struck in the chest by an arrow (in India)

65
Q

Babylon

A

center of Alexander’s empire

66
Q

Euclid

A

lived around 300 BC, Greek who lived in Alexandria, “Father of Geometry”

67
Q

Archimedes

A

Greek from Sicily, principle of gravity

68
Q

Aeneas

A

Trojan who came to Italy

69
Q

Romulus and Remus

A

descendents of the Alba Longa Kings - founded Rome

70
Q

Etruscans

A

north of Rome, asserted themselves into the monarchy

71
Q

Tarquin

A

violent tyrant, despised by the Romans

72
Q

Celts

73
Q

Carthage

A

key rival of the Romans

74
Q

Stonehenge

A

famous monument in Britain

75
Q

Livy

A

Roman historian, also called Titus Livius

76
Q

Virgil

A

wrote the Aeneid

77
Q

Aeneid

A

story of how Italy was founded

78
Q

Hamilcar Barca

A

Carthaginian general who regrouped to the Iberian Peninsula, made up for land losses, established the base where to strike

79
Q

Hannibal

A

led his troops over the Alps into Italy in an attempt to overthrow Rome

80
Q

Iberian Peninsula

A

in Spain, where Hamilcar Barca retreated

81
Q

Trebia

A

victory ofr Hannibal

82
Q

Tiberius Gracchus

A

complained that the poor served the country but got no land. He tried curbing the estate buildings of the patricians and used his personal popularity to incite civil disobedience and bring it to a vote - killed

83
Q

Marius

A

general who wanted to build a new army where loyalty was no longer to the state but politics was part of the army. He was a novus homo who was elected into the consul 6 times. He gave citizenship to allies. Both were against the constitution

84
Q

Sulla

A

Marius’ lieutenant, takes army into rome as “liberator,” killed 6000 men who fought against the taking of Rome. One man who escaped was Julius Caesar

85
Q

People part of the triumvirate

A

Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar

86
Q

Spartacus

A

gladiator who led serious revolt against Rome, 2 years of fighting

87
Q

Octavian

A

named himself “Augustus” - consecrated one. “Heir” of Caesar, established the Pax Romana

88
Q

Hoplites

A

Greek soldier

89
Q

Hoplon

90
Q

Dory

91
Q

Xiphos

92
Q

Lamoleer

A

armor, made of linnen/leather, bronze - repels arrows and spear thrusts

93
Q

pontoon bridge

A

bridge Xerxes built across the Hellespont made of papyrus

94
Q

nike

A

“victory” shouted by the Athenian runner, what Athena’s statue is holding

95
Q

omen

96
Q

trireme

A

Greek ship that had hulls made of pine and prows of cedar and bronze

97
Q

phalanx

A

Greek formation of the army

98
Q

satraphs

A

governors appointed by Cyrus the Great

99
Q

ostracizing

A

exiling a politician for 10 years - Athens

100
Q

Demes

A

Greek word for “people” - democracy is a “rule of people.”

101
Q

Panhellenic

A

all of Greece

102
Q

Hellenization

A

spreading of Greek culture

103
Q

Hedge of Steel

A

Macedonian phalanx

104
Q

Scythed Chariots

A

chariots that had pikes sticking out of the wheel

105
Q

proskynesis

A

kiss of hand and salute, bow, kneel, or prostration. Sign of respect among the Persians but only for gods in Greece

106
Q

Triumvirate

107
Q

Augustus

A

Octavian’s name - consecrated one

108
Q

Dominus et Deus

A

Lord and God - Domitian

109
Q

Cynics

A

Diongenes hated power and worldly possessions

110
Q

Stoics

A

Zeno of Citium taught courage, acceptance, patience - brotherhood of mankind influences Christianity

111
Q

Epicurean

A

Epicurus beleived in no life after death, pleasure and pain measured good/bad

112
Q

patrician

A

majority of power, hereditary might/rule

113
Q

Plebians

114
Q

Civitas sine suffragio

A

when semi-citizens like the people of Campania were granted citizenship but could not vote

115
Q

Pontifex Maximus

A

highest priest in Rome

116
Q

Novus homo

A

those without a noble bloodline, the first to enter the political arena - by glory

117
Q

Dictator

A

leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army, chosen by the consuls, elected by the senate

118
Q

Decemvirs

A

10 law makers

119
Q

Twelve Tables

A

1st Roman Law

120
Q

SPQR

A

Senatus Populusque Romani

121
Q

Punic

A

language and culture of Carthage

122
Q

Veni, vidi, vici

A

caesar said, “I came, I saw, I conquered”

123
Q

Pax Romana

A

peace for cultural pursuits and inquiry to flourish, established by Octavian

124
Q

Traditional date of founding Rome

125
Q

Rome establishes Republic

126
Q

Burning of Sardis

127
Q

Marathon

128
Q

Thermopylae and Salmis

129
Q

Battles of Plataea and Mycale

130
Q

Delian and Spartan Leagues formed - skirmishes

131
Q

Official beginning of Peloponnesian wars

132
Q

Persia: Signs of Decline

133
Q

King’s Peace

134
Q

Isocrates calls for panhellenism

135
Q

Alexander III is born to Philip and Olympias

136
Q

Battle of Chaeronea

137
Q

Philip of Macedonia assassinated, Alexander ascends to throne

138
Q

Alexander dies in Babylon

139
Q

First Punic War

140
Q

Second Punic War

141
Q

Effective end of Roman Republic

142
Q

Effective rule of triumvirate

143
Q

Julius Caesar declared emperor for life; too ambitious so murdered

144
Q

Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) becomes emperor; takes name Augustus, establishes Pax Romana

145
Q

Which country was Hannibal from?

146
Q

Which mountain range did Hannibal cross to get to Italy

147
Q

How many elephants did he cross the Alps with?

148
Q

How did the cold weather effect the outcome of the battle?

A

Romans were unprepared, starving, and freezing. The Carthaginians were well-fed and warm

149
Q

Why did this battle occur?

A

Romans wanted to stop Carthage. Hannibal wanted revenge.

150
Q

Why did the Jews kill themselves?

A

Scared, wanted to die respectfully, not under the hands of barbarians

151
Q

What did the Romans build to get to the mountain?

A

Ramp/Bridge

152
Q

Why did the Romans build a bridge?

A

Had to build a way to travel (jews destroyed the path)

153
Q

Who was the leader of the Romans in the Teutoberg?

A

Publius QunitiliusVarus

154
Q

Where did the battle take place?

A

Forests of Teutoberg

155
Q

What were the battle strategies the Germans used in the battle of Teutoberg?

A

hit and run, guerrilla tactics

156
Q

Why did the battle of Teutoberg occur?

A

Germanic troops were tired of Roman policies because of the heavy taxes and lack of respect for Germanic culture

157
Q

Describe the importance of the forests in Teutoberg?

A

Germans could attack and fade back. The Roman formations were ineffective - men were lost

History (53 decks)

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