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History > European History SG - The Congress of Vienna > Flashcards

European History SG - The Congress of Vienna Flashcards

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1
Q

When did it take place? What countries were involved? What was their goal?

A

1815, Quadruple Alliance (Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia) + France, re-establishing order by undoing French Revolution

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2
Q

Who was Klemens von Metternich?

A

leader of Congress of Vienna, Austrian foreign minister (most important figure in Europe), “Coachman of Europe”, “Age of Metternich”

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3
Q

How did the Conservatives seeks to create stability?

A

instigated tradition, institutions, and aristocracy, rejected liberal reform, popular gov’t, and nationalism

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4
Q

What changes did the Congress bring about?

A

France: restored to 1792 boundaries, Bourbons (aristocracy) restored
Russia: gained Polish territory
German Confederation: association of German states (replaced HRE) 300 - 39 states

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5
Q

What two ideas were behind new revolutions?

A

liberalism (increased rights/liberties) and nationalism (freedom from foreign rule)

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6
Q

Where were revolutions successful? Where did they fail?

A

Greece, Belgium, and France/Spain, Italy, Poland, Germany, and Austria

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7
Q

When did France experience its next two revolutions? What rulers were forced out of power and who was put in?

A

July 1830 and 1848, Charles X then Louis-Philippe then Napoleon III

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8
Q

What is Russification and who advocated it?

A

Czar Nicolas l, common culture for Polish and Russians that promoted nationalism

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9
Q

Explain how the Crimean War was an example of Europeans trying to maintain a balance of power in Europe.

A

-Russia wanted to expand its borders by taking Turkey (weak and corrupt gov’t) but Britain opposed this bc it disturbed the balance of power, Napoleon = boosted prestige, Italian kingdom of Sardinia = gaining support for Italian unity

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10
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

-modern nursing profession, led 38 nurses Crimean War, sacrificed her own health, 1st woman = British Order of Merit

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11
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

created patriotic society called Young Italy (wanted Italian unification)

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12
Q

Count Camillo di Cavour

A

prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, joined Crimean War, gains Lombardy w/ France

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13
Q

Guiseppe Garibaldi

A

Red Shirts - wanted Italian unification, invaded Naples and Sicily, discouraged to take Rome

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14
Q

When did Italy finally unite? Who was their first king? What two regions were the last to join, and in what year?

A

1861, Victor Emmanuel II, Venetia and Rome, 1870

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15
Q

Who was Otto von Bismarck, and what kind of a man was he? What important political change was he most interested in pursuing?

A
  • crafty and opportunistic Prussian
  • wanted German unification through “the politics of reality” (realpolitik), practical way to unity of Germany = blood and war
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16
Q

When did Germany unify?

A

1871

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17
Q

Who was Wilhelm I?

A

first emperor of the German Reich (empire)

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18
Q

What event in his early life shaped Marx’s view of religion?

A

father converted to Lutheranism

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19
Q

Name Marx’s major writings. What are they about?

A
  • the Communist Manifesto (difference in social classes should be leveled out, advocated communism)
  • Das Kapital (larger, criticism of capitalism and argument for communism, outline for revolution)
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20
Q

What is Marx’s “Labor Theory of Value,” and how does it differ from the capitalist theory of value?

A
  • worth of man-made object determined by amount of labor that went into its creation
  • what people are wiling and able to pay for product
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21
Q

bourgeoise and proletariat

A

upper and lower/working class

22
Q

According to Marx, how did the Industrial Revolution create alienation?

A

competition kept community from interacting and unifying

-rich get richer when the poor get poorer

23
Q

How would the proletariat achieve equality?

A
  • revolting - seize means of production

- things going they way they were would just bring about more oppression

24
Q

What did Marx say about religion?

A
  • view of religion determined by class
  • makes you feel good (higher purpose and afterlife)
  • okay for proletariat to suffer in return for heavenly reward, advantage of bourgeoise
25
Q

5 communist countries

A

Cuba, Russia, North Korea, Eastern Germany, and China

26
Q

Darwin’s major writings

A
  • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (natural selection is the mechanism by which new species arise)
  • Descant of Man (human evolution - morality and religion evolve with them)
27
Q

natural selection

A
  • competition for survival in environment (survival of the fittest)
  • those with advantageous traits live and reproduce while others die off
  • pass in genetic traits to the next generation
28
Q

macroevolution

A

how species change over long periods of time, developing new species through slow, continuous, and small changes (originating from common ancestor)

29
Q

methodological naturalism, when is it ok?

A

-no supernatural intervention, explains things only by natural/material means, we only investigate things on the premise that God created, but we seek info to further acknowledge His power

30
Q

difference between theistic evolution and creationism

A

TE: reconcile Darwin’s theory w/ Bible - first chapters of Genesis are figurative, God used evolution as tool
C: God created in 7 days each according to its own kind

31
Q

problems did Darwinism raise about human dignity

A

-not made in God’s Image, accidental, why should we treat each other with respect? survival of the fittest morality = only set or rules that helps society

32
Q

Rococo

A

“nobles at play,” light-colored pastels, puttis

33
Q

Neo-Classical

A

classical heroes, classical virtues of self-sacrifice and devotion to the state, Greek ideals of restraint, simplicity, and symmetry, contrast of light and dark

34
Q

Romanticism

A

emotion (reject reason, stressed intuition), past (medieval period for heroes, events, and MYSTERIES) and nature

35
Q

realism

A

realistic, highlighting the common place, “naturalism,” the virtues and dignity of the working-class, earthy tones

36
Q

Antoine Watteau

A

rococo

37
Q

Francois Boucher

A

rococo

38
Q

Jean-Honore Fragonard

A

rococo

39
Q

Clodion

A

rococo

40
Q

Johan Michael Fischer

A

rococo

41
Q

Jacques-Louis David

A

neo

42
Q

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

A

neo

43
Q

Jean-Antoine Houdon

A

neo

44
Q

Jacques-Germain Soufflot

A

neo

45
Q

John Constable

A

rom

46
Q

J.M.W. Turner

A

rom

47
Q

Theodore Gericault

A

rom

48
Q

Caspar David Friedrich

A

rom

49
Q

Jean-Francois Millet

A

realism

50
Q

Gustave Courbet

A

realism

51
Q

Honoré Daumier

A

realism

History (53 decks)

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