European History SG - Ch. 11

Question 1

What were the symptoms of the plague?

Answer 1

• growth in armpit or neck (boil- “bubo” filled with pus)
• black spots on skin caused by bleeding under skin
• coughing up blood (released pathogens and infected others)

Question 2

How did the plague come to Europe?

Answer 2

-infested rats came from Mongol Empire (China), merchant ships carrying goods - Genoese ships (infected by Tarlars who threw infected bodies into walls and started an epidemic) brought walls and plague to Messina, Sicily, Venice, Pisa, Rome, Ruscany, Germany, France, England, Scandinavia, and back to east

Question 3

During what years was its destruction at its height?

Answer 3

1348-1350

Question 4

How many died from the plague in England? In western Europe as a whole?

Answer 4

1.4 million, ⅓ of population as a whole

Question 5

How did people attempt to treat the plague?

Answer 5

1. ridding “poisoned” air (loud sounds like bells and cannons)
2. balancing bodily fluids
3. used bumpy and oozing plants
4. cryptograms
5. priests, nuns, and monks became caregivers
6. people fled to countryside
7. cities shut gates/walled up houses
8. if slit boils, then chance of recovery but not used often

Question 6

How did the plague reshape European society?

Answer 6

1. distrust of churches
2. rise in personal piety
3. inflation
4. rise in wages
5. persecution of Jews

Question 7

Who fought in this war?

Answer 7

England and French nobles vs. France and Scotland

Question 8

When did the war begin and end?

Answer 8

1337-1453 - 116 yrs

Question 9

What was the immediate cause of the beginning of the war?

Answer 9

• disagreement over who would inherit the French throne after Charles lV died
• Edward lll (king of England, nephews to Charles, law against any woman [Isabella] or her children ruling) or…
• Philip Vl of Valois (cousin of Charles)

Question 10

What was each side trying to accomplish?

Answer 10

• Edward lll, as eldest surviving heir to Philip the Fair, should be king of England and France
• Philip Vl: wanted full jurisdiction over duchy of Aquitaine when was given to Henry ll of England when he married Eleanor

Question 11

What were two new military technologies used in the war?

Answer 11

• cannons shot at walls
• longbows instead of crossbows
• plate armor instead of chain mail

Question 12

What was Joan of Arc’s role in the war?

Answer 12

• had visions as teenager that Charles Vll had to be crowned
• Charles placed her in French army dressed as knight
• ordered English to surrender but didn’t so she drove out English and crowned Charles Vll as king at Reims
• became co-commander of entire army and gained victories

Question 13

How and why did the war finally end?

Answer 13

• Burgundians switched to French side
• reconquered Normandy and Aquitaine
• England could no longer afford war (fewer soldiers)

Question 14

What were some of the war’s long term consequences?

Answer 14

1. king could not tax people without Parliament consenting (meeting regularly now and became more permanent and important)
2. growth of nationalism - love of country and thinking country is better than others

Question 15

What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Church?

Answer 15

• Philip the Fair of France vs. Pope Boniface Vlll
• PB dies, replaced by Clement V who was encouraged to move to Avignon
• 1309-1376

Question 16

In the Bible, what was the Babylonian Captivity?

Answer 16

70 years ancient Hebrews were captive in Mesopotamian Babylon

Question 17

How did the Babylonian Captivity damage papal prestige?

Answer 17

• break from spiritual duties as leader
• concentrated on financial/bureaucratic affairs
• cut off from historical roots in Rome/broke tradition
• lived in tradition

Question 18

What was the Great Western Schism?

Answer 18

1378-1417- Urban Vl declared pope in rome by full college of cardinals but turned out to be cruel so French cardinals met and declared King Charles V of France as pope in Avignon (Clement Vll), Urban dies, Clement Vll prepares to go to Rome but Romans elected Boniface lX instead

Question 19

How did it affect the powers of Europe as a whole?

Answer 19

-divided them, each country chose a pope to follow
-Clement: France, Scotland, Portugal, Castile, and Aragon
Urban: England, Germany (HRE), Italian states

Question 20

Who were the Conciliarists? How was their position supposed to solve the problems caused by issues in the papacy?

Answer 20

• believed that reform of the church could be achieved through periodic assemblies of Christian people
• ended up taking position that church should be separate from the state
• problem: what if council splits?

Question 21

How did the Council of Pisa make the Great Western Schism worse?

Answer 21

-tried to make both popes resign and elected a third (Alexander V, replaced by John XXlll - former pirate, taxed everything) but neither would resign so now there were 3 popes

Question 22

How was the Great Schism resolved at the Council of Constance?

Answer 22

-convicted John Xlll (Pisa) who then resigned and escaped as laborer, later captured and imprisoned, Roman pope (Gregory Xll) resigned on the condition that the people recognized him as a real pope and not an anti-pope), pope at Avignon (Benedict Xlll) deposed after he would not resign (retired to Spain)

Question 23

What were the three most important works of fiction from this period? Who wrote them?

Answer 23

Dante’s Divine Comedy, Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, and Boccacio’s Decameron

Question 24

Describe the ways that artists such as Cimabue and Giotto changed medieval art.

Answer 24

1. more realistic portrayal of human body/facial expressions (Lamentation - grief on people’s faces after Jesus’s death)
2. shading (arms on cross, Judas’ cloak)
3. 3D/depth perception (crowd, angels)

Question 25

What was the unique about the Florence Cathedral?

Answer 25

dome- left it open at first but then finished by later artist (new architecture)
doors on baptistry- 3D bronze, depth perception/realistic