European History SG - Ch. 12 Flashcards
What is the origin and meaning of the term “Renaissance”?
artists and writers thought they were living in golden age of new intellectual, artistic, and cultural life, 16th century = dubbed “Renaissance” from the French word for “rebirth” (first used by Giorgio Vasari)
According to some scholars, what three things ushered in the “modern” world?
cultural and political changes, religious changes of the Reformation, European voyages of exploration
What is the patronage system, and how did money play a role in Renaissance art?
wealthy cities, groups, and individuals commissioned writers and artists to produce specific works, used money and economic power to increase political power and culture through buying luxuries
How did Venice, Genoa, and MIlan become wealthier in the 12th century? How did Florence become wealthier?
TRADE - increased shipbuilding to have sizable fleet that carried more merchandise and accelerated speeds all year long with overseas trade
F: main road from Rome (buy and sell goods throughout Europe and Mediterranean) - grain, wool, armor, wine, etc.)
How did wealth change the lives of many Italians during this time?
- material pleasures
- comfortable life
- leisure time to appreciate arts (started living for enjoyment of life rather than for God)
ex) merchants and bankers commissioned private buildings from architects and hired artists to decorate their homes
communes, signori, and popolo
communes- sworn association of free men who began to seek political and economic independence from local nobles
popolo- common people, heavily taxed, resented exclusion from power
signori- (leaders), one man ruled and handed down the right to rule to his son
In the fifteenth century, which powers dominated the Italian peninsula? How were they different from states of northern Europe?
- Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, kingdom of Naples
- states = centralization
- cities = republics ruled by oligarchy of merchant - aristocrats or signori family (got power from trade)
Significance and influence of the Medici family
-public officials (Cosino, Piero, Lorenzo) ruled behind the scenes in Florence, became hereditary Grand Duchy of Tuscany with Medici’s as Grand Dukes until 1737 (3 popes came out of this line for political skills)
How did the Italian city-states anticipate future relations among competing European states after 1500?
whenever one Italian state appeared to gain a predominant position within the peninsula, other states combined against it to establish a balance of power
Who was Girolamo Savonarola? Differences between sources
- McKay: more specific on Savonarola’s reforms and how he accomplished them - preached against Italy for its moral vice and corrupt leadership, saying kGod was punishing them with French invasion. B/c of this, people liked these reforms initially as he became political and religious leader of Florence, had “bonfires of the vanities” - burned clothing, cosmetics, instruments, etc. (gives you the impression that he was an extremist)
- BJU: more specific on injustice brought upon Savonarola - Alexander Vl (pope) prohibited him from preaching, then bribery, then excommunication - arrested, tortured, tried, hung, burned, and dumped into Arno River
What is the Primavera about? Who is in the center?
- arrival of spring/theme of fertility
- Venus
Who are the two figures in the center of the Schools of Athens?
Plato and Aristotle
What sacrament is Disputation of the Sacrament about?
communion/Eucharist
Who is usually portrayed holding keys?
Peter
Who is usually portrayed pointing? Why?
John the Baptist because he is making the way for Jesus Christ before He comes
