European History SG - Ch. 9 Flashcards
Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
defeated Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, became King of England, unites England, puts Normans in sheriff positions, writes Domesday book, limited the power of church officials and nobles
Philip ll (Philip Augustus)
united France as king, took Normandy from King John in 1204, method of governing provinces - sent royal agents to embody his authority, one of most powerful French kings
Frederick Barbossa
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, powerful, centralized his authority by requiring all of his subjects to take an oath of authority
Henry II
WoN’s grandson, inherited French provinces, up to ½ of France, marries into nobility (Eleanor) to gain more land
John
son of Henry ll, forced to sign the Magna Carta by barons in 1215, lost Normandy and other lands to Philip ll, tyrant, thought King was above the law, upset pope, his gov’t too big, took away whatever he wanted from barons (land, daughters, money through taxes)
Henry lV
opposed the idea of the church choosing its own clergy, Holy Roman emperor, went to beg in snow to Gregory Vll in Canossa to be reinstated in the church after excommunication, but cont. to oppose it afterwards so was excommunicated again
Thomas Becket
friends with Henry ll, appointed him archbishop of Canterbury, took advantage of this and criticized Henry, Henry = mad, “unknowingly” orders knights to kill him, murdered on altar in his church
Pope Gregory Vll
excommunicated all those who believed in clerical marriage and simony, believed pope was the vicar of God, papal orders = orders from God, ordeal with Henry
Peter Waldo
rich merchant (city of Lyons), gave money to poor, preached only prayers, not sacraments, needed for salvation
Pope Innocent lll
called 4th Lateran Council, transubstantiation, most powerful pope in history, sought to made papal authority over political authority
Pope Boniface Vlll
believed all salvation came from obedience to the pope
Dominic
formed Dominicans (focus = studying, preaching, teaching), religious order
Francis
religious order, focused on charity work, helping poor and lepers
Clare
friend of Francis, order for women, Poor Clares, similar to Francis’s focus
Domesday Book
meaning judgement, determined wealth of country and how much to tax people - counted livestock and land
Primogeniture
king’s eldest son received crown as inheritance, became standard pattern of succession in all social classes
Lay Investiture
the selection of church officials by secular authority
Holy Roman Empire
modern day Germany
Reconquista
Muslims and some Jews driven out of Spain
common Law
law becomes standardized through this, relies on “precedent” - a decision in an important case served as an authority for other cases
Trial by Ordeal
determined guilty/innocent (cold water: if floated in a pond while hands and feet are bound, then guilty, if sank, than innocent and drawn back up in time to resuscitate you // hot water: boiled arm - if healed in three days after wrapping, then innocent, if not, guilty // hot iron: carrying it a certain distance means you’re innocent // if swallowed dough, innocent, if choked, guilty)
Simony
bribery for church positions
College of Cardinals
1059 Lateran Council, authority to elect the pope, special group of priests from major churches around Rome, governs church when no Pope
Excommunication
used by the Christian church that meant being cur off from the sacraments and all Christian worship
Waldensians
Peter Waldo’s followers, attacked sacraments and church hierarchy
Albigensians
used teachings Jesus to prove the evils of material goods, called for church to give up property
Canon Law
church law, developed system of courts (separate from politicsO that handled church property, election, marriage, and annulment
Religious Orders
groups of monastic people all following a different rule, tradition, and focus
Friars
brothers, unlike monks, did not live in monasteries, involved in town life, events
Magna Carta
June 15, 1215, King is not above the law (John taking whatever he wanted from the barons), barons wrote and forced him to sign, “due process by law”- no matter who you are, you will get a fair trial/judgement and will have rights, “no taxation without representation”- unless: king is kidnapped and ransomed or eldest son becoming knight/daughter’s wedding, “jury trial”- judgement of equals/just
4th Lateran Council
- no salvation outside of the RCC
- transsubstantiation- bread and wine changed (substance) into the literal body and blood of Jesus Christ
- baptism leads to salvation vs. Protestantism: baptism = confirmation
- believed anyone could perform baptism (might be urgent) b/c of limbo: people who aren’t baptized (harsh to say you’re going to tell if you aren’t baptized)
- confession and penance at least once a year and communion at least once a year at Easter
Unam Sanctam
Pope Boniface Vlll vs. French King Philip lV - 1302 - if you want to be saved, you must be a part of the RCC and must OBEY THE POPE
-this was just an assertion because this marked the turning point of the papacy (it was growing, now it’s declining)
How did monarchs try to centralize power?
- new boundaries led to bigger armies, judicial systems, and bureaucracies
- gov’t costs more money so new ideas about revenue
1) primogeniture - land is not separated when king dies
2) lay investiture
3) Barbossa
4) Reconquista - easier to rule people with same religion
How did the administration of law evolve in this period?
- kings established centralized laws and court systems, previously barons had own laws/courts
- common law for consistency
- trial by ordeal done away with
- Magna Carta places formal limitations on power of English King (not above the law)
How did the papacy reform the church, and what were the reactions to these efforts?
- main reforming popes: Gregory and Innocent
- attempted to stamp out: simony, absenteeism (bishop will rule town from city), lay investiture, and clerical marriage
- reactions: Henry lV, papal authority supported by nobles who did not want to be excommunicated vs. royal authority supported by clergy because they were given money by the king
