European History SG - Ch. 9

Question 1

Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)

Answer 1

defeated Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, became King of England, unites England, puts Normans in sheriff positions, writes Domesday book, limited the power of church officials and nobles

Question 2

Philip ll (Philip Augustus)

Answer 2

united France as king, took Normandy from King John in 1204, method of governing provinces - sent royal agents to embody his authority, one of most powerful French kings

Question 3

Frederick Barbossa

Answer 3

emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, powerful, centralized his authority by requiring all of his subjects to take an oath of authority

Question 4

Henry II

Answer 4

WoN’s grandson, inherited French provinces, up to ½ of France, marries into nobility (Eleanor) to gain more land

Question 5

John

Answer 5

son of Henry ll, forced to sign the Magna Carta by barons in 1215, lost Normandy and other lands to Philip ll, tyrant, thought King was above the law, upset pope, his gov’t too big, took away whatever he wanted from barons (land, daughters, money through taxes)

Question 6

Henry lV

Answer 6

opposed the idea of the church choosing its own clergy, Holy Roman emperor, went to beg in snow to Gregory Vll in Canossa to be reinstated in the church after excommunication, but cont. to oppose it afterwards so was excommunicated again

Question 7

Thomas Becket

Answer 7

friends with Henry ll, appointed him archbishop of Canterbury, took advantage of this and criticized Henry, Henry = mad, “unknowingly” orders knights to kill him, murdered on altar in his church

Question 8

Pope Gregory Vll

Answer 8

excommunicated all those who believed in clerical marriage and simony, believed pope was the vicar of God, papal orders = orders from God, ordeal with Henry

Question 9

Peter Waldo

Answer 9

rich merchant (city of Lyons), gave money to poor, preached only prayers, not sacraments, needed for salvation

Question 10

Pope Innocent lll

Answer 10

called 4th Lateran Council, transubstantiation, most powerful pope in history, sought to made papal authority over political authority

Question 11

Pope Boniface Vlll

Answer 11

believed all salvation came from obedience to the pope

Question 12

Dominic

Answer 12

formed Dominicans (focus = studying, preaching, teaching), religious order

Question 13

Francis

Answer 13

religious order, focused on charity work, helping poor and lepers

Question 14

Clare

Answer 14

friend of Francis, order for women, Poor Clares, similar to Francis’s focus

Question 15

Domesday Book

Answer 15

meaning judgement, determined wealth of country and how much to tax people - counted livestock and land

Question 16

Primogeniture

Answer 16

king’s eldest son received crown as inheritance, became standard pattern of succession in all social classes

Question 17

Lay Investiture

Answer 17

the selection of church officials by secular authority

Question 18

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 18

modern day Germany

Question 19

Reconquista

Answer 19

Muslims and some Jews driven out of Spain

Question 20

common Law

Answer 20

law becomes standardized through this, relies on “precedent” - a decision in an important case served as an authority for other cases

Question 21

Trial by Ordeal

Answer 21

determined guilty/innocent (cold water: if floated in a pond while hands and feet are bound, then guilty, if sank, than innocent and drawn back up in time to resuscitate you // hot water: boiled arm - if healed in three days after wrapping, then innocent, if not, guilty // hot iron: carrying it a certain distance means you’re innocent // if swallowed dough, innocent, if choked, guilty)

Question 22

Simony

Answer 22

bribery for church positions

Question 23

College of Cardinals

Answer 23

1059 Lateran Council, authority to elect the pope, special group of priests from major churches around Rome, governs church when no Pope

Question 24

Excommunication

Answer 24

used by the Christian church that meant being cur off from the sacraments and all Christian worship

Question 25

Waldensians

Answer 25

Peter Waldo’s followers, attacked sacraments and church hierarchy

Question 26

Albigensians

Answer 26

used teachings Jesus to prove the evils of material goods, called for church to give up property

Question 27

Canon Law

Answer 27

church law, developed system of courts (separate from politicsO that handled church property, election, marriage, and annulment

Question 28

Religious Orders

Answer 28

groups of monastic people all following a different rule, tradition, and focus

Question 29

Friars

Answer 29

brothers, unlike monks, did not live in monasteries, involved in town life, events

Question 30

Magna Carta

Answer 30

June 15, 1215, King is not above the law (John taking whatever he wanted from the barons), barons wrote and forced him to sign, “due process by law”- no matter who you are, you will get a fair trial/judgement and will have rights, “no taxation without representation”- unless: king is kidnapped and ransomed or eldest son becoming knight/daughter’s wedding, “jury trial”- judgement of equals/just

Question 31

4th Lateran Council

Answer 31

• no salvation outside of the RCC
• transsubstantiation- bread and wine changed (substance) into the literal body and blood of Jesus Christ
• baptism leads to salvation vs. Protestantism: baptism = confirmation
• believed anyone could perform baptism (might be urgent) b/c of limbo: people who aren’t baptized (harsh to say you’re going to tell if you aren’t baptized)
• confession and penance at least once a year and communion at least once a year at Easter

Question 32

Unam Sanctam

Answer 32

Pope Boniface Vlll vs. French King Philip lV - 1302 - if you want to be saved, you must be a part of the RCC and must OBEY THE POPE
-this was just an assertion because this marked the turning point of the papacy (it was growing, now it’s declining)

Question 33

How did monarchs try to centralize power?

Answer 33

• new boundaries led to bigger armies, judicial systems, and bureaucracies
• gov’t costs more money so new ideas about revenue
  1) primogeniture - land is not separated when king dies
  2) lay investiture
  3) Barbossa
  4) Reconquista - easier to rule people with same religion

Question 34

How did the administration of law evolve in this period?

Answer 34

1. kings established centralized laws and court systems, previously barons had own laws/courts
2. common law for consistency
3. trial by ordeal done away with
4. Magna Carta places formal limitations on power of English King (not above the law)

Question 35

How did the papacy reform the church, and what were the reactions to these efforts?

Answer 35

• main reforming popes: Gregory and Innocent
• attempted to stamp out: simony, absenteeism (bishop will rule town from city), lay investiture, and clerical marriage
• reactions: Henry lV, papal authority supported by nobles who did not want to be excommunicated vs. royal authority supported by clergy because they were given money by the king