European History SG - Exam Review Flashcards
Primogeniture and when was it done away with?
king’s eldest son received crown as inheritance, became standard pattern of succession in all social classes and High Middle Ages
Trial by Ordeal and when was it done away with?
determined guilty/innocent (cold water: if floated in a pond while hands and feet are bound, then guilty, if sank, than innocent and drawn back up in time to resuscitate you // hot water: boiled arm - if healed in three days after wrapping, then innocent, if not, guilty // hot iron: carrying it a certain distance means you’re innocent // if swallowed dough, innocent, if choked, guilty), High Middle Ages
What were the causes of the rise in population between the mid-eleventh and fourteenth centuries?
- warmer climates increased food supply so that they could grow more good
- political stability = reduction of violence
- health care increase - apothecaries, barber-surgeons, hospitals
Name largest cities in western Christian Europe, eastern Christian Europe, and Muslim Spain and number of people.
Paris, Cordoba, and Constantinople
What does the word “sacrament” mean? 7 RCC sacraments, which two did the Protestants retain?
- certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace
1. baptism (mostly infant)- takes care of original sin, determines salvation, puts them on road to purgatory/heaven
2. confirmation - older person declaring faith after infant baptism (many people did not do this because bishops were busy and not a priority), understanding
3. Eucharist- communion, 1x a year @ easter
4. penance- making up for sin (pilgrimage, saying Lord’s prayer a certain amount of times)
5. marriage (done in church) or 6. holy orders/ priestly ordination- no marriage, devoted for life
7. anointment of the dying (last rites) - Protestants retained: baptism and Eucharist
Describe three factors that led to a revival of learning in the 12th century
- political and economic advances improved climates for intellectual pursuit
- new knowledge from East - Greek/Roman/Arabic
- gov’t expanded so need for more education besides theology due to growth of towns
For what were cathedrals used?
baptisms, masses, funerals, saint’s day services, guild meetings (organization of people of same trade - blacksmiths)
Anselm vs. Abelard
- Abelard: moral influence theory of atonement, cross = ultimate display of God’s love and in response to the love of God thus displayed we, in turn, love God and live for God rather than continuing in sin
- Anselm: satisfaction theory of atonement - God having been dishonored by sin, must receive satisfaction. JC - both man and God provides that satisfaction
What were the symptoms of the plague? How did the plague come to Europe? How many died from the plague in England? In western Europe as a whole? How did people attempt to treat the plague?
- growth in armpit or neck (boil- “bubo” filled with pus)
- black spots on skin caused by bleeding under skin
- coughing up blood (released pathogens and infected others)
- infested rats came from Mongol Empire (China), merchant ships carrying goods - Genoese ships (infected by Tarlars who threw infected bodies into walls and started an epidemic) brought walls and plague to Messina, Sicily, Venice, Pisa, Rome, Ruscany, Germany, France, England, Scandinavia, and back to east
1. ridding “poisoned” air (loud sounds like bells and cannons)
2. balancing bodily fluids
3. used bumpy and oozing plants
4. cryptograms
5. priests, nuns, and monks became caregivers
6. people fled to countryside
7. cities shut gates/walled up houses
8. if slit boils, then chance of recovery but not used often
Who fought in the 100 Years’ War? What territory was under dispute?
England and French nobles vs. France and Scotland, duchy of Aquitaine
What were three new military technologies used in the war?
- cannons shot at walls
- longbows instead of crossbows
- plate armor instead of chain mail
What were some of the war’s long term consequences?
- king could not tax people without Parliament consenting (meeting regularly now and became more permanent and important)
- growth of nationalism - love of country and thinking country is better than others
How did the Babylonian Captivity damage papal prestige?
- break from spiritual duties as leader
- concentrated on financial/bureaucratic affairs
- cut off from historical roots in Rome/broke tradition
- lived in tradition
How did the Council of Pisa make the Great Western Schism worse?
-tried to make both popes resign and elected a third (Alexander V, replaced by John XXlll - former pirate, taxed everything) but neither would resign so now there were 3 popes
How was the Great Schism resolved at the Council of Constance?
-convicted John Xlll (Pisa) who then resigned and escaped as laborer, later captured and imprisoned, Roman pope (Gregory Xll) resigned on the condition that the people recognized him as a real pope and not an anti-pope), pope at Avignon (Benedict Xlll) deposed after he would not resign (retired to Spain)
Describe the ways that artists such as Cimabue and Giotto changed medieval art.
- more realistic portrayal of human body/facial expressions (Lamentation - grief on people’s faces after Jesus’s death)
- shading (arms on cross, Judas’ cloak)
- 3D/depth perception (crowd, angels)
What is the origin and meaning of the term “Renaissance”?
artists and writers thought they were living in golden age of new intellectual, artistic, and cultural life, 16th century = dubbed “Renaissance” from the French word for “rebirth” (first used by Giorgio Vasari)
According to some scholars, what three things ushered in the “modern” world?
cultural and political changes, religious changes of the Reformation, European voyages of exploration
Why does Moses usually have horns in Medieval and Renaissance art?
mistranslation of the Bible by jerome in his “Latin Vulgate” when he comes down to earth with face “shining” or “had horns”
About how many books were printed in Europe from 1450 to 1500?
8,000,000-20,000,000
What is the “Treasury of Merit”?
God stored up good deeds of others and Pope can hand these good deeds out in the form of indulgences to people who need them
What was “The Sausage Incident”?
Zwingli ate sausage during the 40 days of Lent (wasn’t a biblical practice) in public to defy the church
How did Luther and Zwingli disagree on worship?
Luther: worship authorized if not condemned (normative principle), Zwingli: worship: only authorized if commanded (regulative principle)
Describe the four views on communion. Who advocated each position?
- transubstantiation- RCC (literal - bread and wine was Jesus’s body and blood)
- consubstantiation- Luther (Jesus’s presence was “in, with, and under” the bread and wine)
- spiritual- Calvin (Christ is present but in spirit)
- memorial/symbolic- Zwingli = representation
What were the Anabaptists’ four main beliefs/practices?
- pacifism
- extreme separation of church and state
- believer’s baptism
- separation from the world
What two modern groups of Christians are descended from the Anabaptists?
Amish (Jakob Amman) and Mennonites (Menno Simons)
6 doctrinal practices re-affirmed at the Council of Trent
1) authority of the Apocrypha
2) authority of Tradition - equal to Scripture
3) authority of the Vulgate translation
4) existence of purgatory
5) communion: transubstantiation
6) 7 sacraments
What did Loyala mean when he said we should put aside all private judgements? Submitting to the RCC?
1) no personal interpretation of the Bible
2) always believe/obey RCC even if you disagree
What was the religious situation in Switzerland and the HRE by the end of the 16th century - that is, in what sense did people have or not have religious freedom?
- each Swiss canton was allowed to determine its own religion and gave up foreign alliances (policy of neutrality
- Diet of Augsburg- Lutherans give statement of faith in Augsburg Confession but Charles V did not accept it and ordered Protestants to convert back to Catholicism
- Protestants then formed military alliance to fight the emperor
- recognized Lutheranism in “Peace of Augsburg”, territories decided either Catholicism or Lutheranism, and empire split but no religious freedom
How did European rulers increase their authority?
- control over finances, religion, and nobility
- increasing the size of the standing army and developing a navy
- increasing bureaucracy (administrators of the government) and making it an instrument of their royal will
- increasing territory through war if necessary
Who was King Louis Xlll’s chief minister and how did he strengthen the power of the king?
Cardinal Richelieu
- destroying the Huguenots - forced them to house French soldiers, ordered their children to be taken and raised by RCs, and sent spies to churches
- weakening the nobility - removed them from positions of authority in local gov’ts and replaced them with intendents, officials directly responsible to the king
Louis XlV’s religious policies
revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, taking away the Huguenot’s freedom to worship, causing 250,000-500,000 left France
How did Louis XIV use Versailles to showcase his power?
required nobility to stay at palace for a part of the year so that they couldn’t plot against him, Apollo Basin, Hall of Mirrors, gardens
divisions among the English Puritans
- Presbyterians and Congregationalists/Independents disagreed about church gov’t
- Separatists and Non-Separatists disagreed about separation of church and state
- Baptists and Paedobaptists disagreed about baptism
How was Charles l forced to strengthen Parliament’s power? (What event provoked it, and in what specific ways did he increase their power?)
- didn’t convene Parliament for 11 yrs.
- forced to call them when Scotland rebelled against him
- signed acts that said Parliament would meet every 3 years even without royal permission, could not be dissolved without its own consent, and no taxes were legal except those passed by Parl…
What happened at the Battle of Naseby?
Oliver Cromwell leads the Roundheads to defeat Charles, 11 months later, Charles surrenders
What kind of a ruler was Oliver Cromwell?
- military dictatorship (forbade sports, closed theaters, and censored press)
- deep religious conviction
What were some provisions of the English Bill of Rights?
- no taxation without representation
- freedom of speech
- the right to bear arms
- no cruel and unusual punishment
Which three developments aides the Scientific Revolution?
the Medieval University, the Renaissance, and technology
Why did the Roman Catholic Church oppose Galileo?
The new experimental method questioned established authority because it included learning and investigation. The RCC felt threatened by this, so it outlawed all the books of new scientists.
What famous work did Newton publish in 1687? What is it about?
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, described Newton’s three laws of motion, using mathematical laws
What made the Enlightenment different from other eras?
- looking forward
- progress through human discovery
- Medieval = spiritual
- Renaissance = looking back
What were the primary values of the Enlightenment?
- rationalism- should only except what you can prove through reason, base everything on your own reason, not just tradition (ex. Descartes - epistemology - “how do you know what you know” so he says to doubt everything “I think; therefore, I know”)
- Nature and nature’s laws- God made nature and set everything into motion - discovered through rationalism (He isn’t moving the planets himself all day)
- happiness- living a good life (contributing to society)
- scientific method- capable of studying laws of human society as well as nature
- faith in progress
- liberty/toleration - is society better if people are allowed to speak out?
Why did the Enlightenment happen when it did?
- contact with wider world - truth and morality are relative, not absolute
- scientific revolution - doubt about previous beliefs
- religious wars - doubt on importance of religious conformity
What is Deism? Compare/contrast it with Christianity.
- religion of nature, nothing about Christianity is mysterious
- no prophets or divine revelation
- how secluded people get the gospel
- Jefferson’s Bible
1. Existence of God
2. Worship for God
3. Ethical standards
4. Need for repentance
5. Reward or punishment - Christians believe in personal relationship and the ALL of the Bible
Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
defeated Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, became King of England, unites England, puts Normans in sheriff positions, writes Domesday book, limited the power of church officials and nobles
Henry ll of England
WoN’s grandson, inherited French provinces, up to ½ of France, marries into nobility (Eleanor) to gain more land
King John of England
son of Henry ll, forced to sign the Magna Carta by barons in 1215, lost Normandy and other lands to Philip ll, tyrant, thought King was above the law, upset pope, his gov’t too big, took away whatever he wanted from barons (land, daughters, money through taxes)
Peter Waldo
rich merchant (city of Lyons), gave money to poor, preached only prayers, not sacraments, needed for salvation, Waldensians - Peter Waldo’s followers, attacked sacraments and church hierarchy
Pope Innocent lll
called 4th Lateran Council, transubstantiation, most powerful pope in history, sought to made papal authority over political authority
Pope Boniface Vlll
believed all salvation came from obedience to the pope, Unam Sanctam
Dominic
formed Dominicans (focus = studying, preaching, teaching), religious order
Francis
religious order, focused on charity work, helping poor and lepers
Clare
friend of Francis, order for women, Poor Clares, similar to Francis’s focus
Anselm
theologian/philosopher, archbishop of canterbury, famous argument for existence of God: ontological argument for God’s existence, do not understand in order to believe, believe in order to understand = relationship between belief and understanding
Peter Abelard
brilliant French scholar and teacher, Sic at Non: “Yes and No” - different positions of church leaders (free will), doubting = questioning = truth: value of doubt
Thomas Aquinas, What possibilities does human reason offer? What limitations are there to reason? What is the relationship between reason and faith?
Dominican friar, professor at university of Paris, Summa Theologica (“5 Ways”: Proofs for God’s existence), answers to everything/all sorts of questions, human reason can only go so far - make conjectures about the natural world until it hits a wall. Reason becomes speculation without faith. Reason and faith and divine reason and human reason must go together to fully understand the world around us. That is how God made our minds to work because He is omniscient.
Joan of Arc
- Hundred Years’ War
- had visions as teenager that Charles Vll had to be crowned
- Charles placed her in French army dressed as knight
- ordered English to surrender but didn’t so she drove out English and crowned Charles Vll as king at Reims
- became co-commander of entire army and gained victories
Meister Eckhart
theologian, preacher, and mystic from Germany - God is known by fantastical contemplation (cannot know divine), accused of teaching heresy bc vague, pantheistic-sounding teachings, “God is not good.”
Catherine of Siena
- Dominican nun from Siena, Italy, mystical marriage with Jesus, helped poor and sick, teacher of mysticism/miracle-worker
- During the Avignon Papacy, because of a vision, she set out to convince the pope to return to Rome.
John Wycliffe
professor in Oxford, England, denied transubstantiation, true church - invisible church, not the visible hierarchical church, Pope = anti-Christ, taught that all Christians should be able to read Bible, translated Bible into English
John Hus
priest in Prague, Bohemia, denied need to submit to an abusive ruler, opposed sale of indulgences, burned at the stake at Council of Constance, communion = both kinds, clergy give up wealth, simony punished, Bible preached freely
Thomas á Kempis
- monk and priest from Netherlands
- member of “Brethren of Common Life” - devout lives and serve poor
- author of Imitation of Christ
What were three most important works of fiction from this period? Who wrote them? What were they about?
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Canterbury Tales by Chaucer
Boccacio’s Decameron (short stories of history, including Black Death)
