European History SG - Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Primogeniture and when was it done away with?
A
king’s eldest son received crown as inheritance, became standard pattern of succession in all social classes and High Middle Ages
2
Q
Trial by Ordeal and when was it done away with?
A
determined guilty/innocent (cold water: if floated in a pond while hands and feet are bound, then guilty, if sank, than innocent and drawn back up in time to resuscitate you // hot water: boiled arm - if healed in three days after wrapping, then innocent, if not, guilty // hot iron: carrying it a certain distance means you’re innocent // if swallowed dough, innocent, if choked, guilty), High Middle Ages
3
Q
What were the causes of the rise in population between the mid-eleventh and fourteenth centuries?
A
- warmer climates increased food supply so that they could grow more good
- political stability = reduction of violence
- health care increase - apothecaries, barber-surgeons, hospitals
4
Q
Name largest cities in western Christian Europe, eastern Christian Europe, and Muslim Spain and number of people.
A
Paris, Cordoba, and Constantinople
5
Q
What does the word “sacrament” mean? 7 RCC sacraments, which two did the Protestants retain?
A
- certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace
1. baptism (mostly infant)- takes care of original sin, determines salvation, puts them on road to purgatory/heaven
2. confirmation - older person declaring faith after infant baptism (many people did not do this because bishops were busy and not a priority), understanding
3. Eucharist- communion, 1x a year @ easter
4. penance- making up for sin (pilgrimage, saying Lord’s prayer a certain amount of times)
5. marriage (done in church) or 6. holy orders/ priestly ordination- no marriage, devoted for life
7. anointment of the dying (last rites) - Protestants retained: baptism and Eucharist
6
Q
Describe three factors that led to a revival of learning in the 12th century
A
- political and economic advances improved climates for intellectual pursuit
- new knowledge from East - Greek/Roman/Arabic
- gov’t expanded so need for more education besides theology due to growth of towns
7
Q
For what were cathedrals used?
A
baptisms, masses, funerals, saint’s day services, guild meetings (organization of people of same trade - blacksmiths)
8
Q
Anselm vs. Abelard
A
- Abelard: moral influence theory of atonement, cross = ultimate display of God’s love and in response to the love of God thus displayed we, in turn, love God and live for God rather than continuing in sin
- Anselm: satisfaction theory of atonement - God having been dishonored by sin, must receive satisfaction. JC - both man and God provides that satisfaction
9
Q
What were the symptoms of the plague? How did the plague come to Europe? How many died from the plague in England? In western Europe as a whole? How did people attempt to treat the plague?
A
- growth in armpit or neck (boil- “bubo” filled with pus)
- black spots on skin caused by bleeding under skin
- coughing up blood (released pathogens and infected others)
- infested rats came from Mongol Empire (China), merchant ships carrying goods - Genoese ships (infected by Tarlars who threw infected bodies into walls and started an epidemic) brought walls and plague to Messina, Sicily, Venice, Pisa, Rome, Ruscany, Germany, France, England, Scandinavia, and back to east
1. ridding “poisoned” air (loud sounds like bells and cannons)
2. balancing bodily fluids
3. used bumpy and oozing plants
4. cryptograms
5. priests, nuns, and monks became caregivers
6. people fled to countryside
7. cities shut gates/walled up houses
8. if slit boils, then chance of recovery but not used often
10
Q
Who fought in the 100 Years’ War? What territory was under dispute?
A
England and French nobles vs. France and Scotland, duchy of Aquitaine
11
Q
What were three new military technologies used in the war?
A
- cannons shot at walls
- longbows instead of crossbows
- plate armor instead of chain mail
12
Q
What were some of the war’s long term consequences?
A
- king could not tax people without Parliament consenting (meeting regularly now and became more permanent and important)
- growth of nationalism - love of country and thinking country is better than others
13
Q
How did the Babylonian Captivity damage papal prestige?
A
- break from spiritual duties as leader
- concentrated on financial/bureaucratic affairs
- cut off from historical roots in Rome/broke tradition
- lived in tradition
14
Q
How did the Council of Pisa make the Great Western Schism worse?
A
-tried to make both popes resign and elected a third (Alexander V, replaced by John XXlll - former pirate, taxed everything) but neither would resign so now there were 3 popes
15
Q
How was the Great Schism resolved at the Council of Constance?
A
-convicted John Xlll (Pisa) who then resigned and escaped as laborer, later captured and imprisoned, Roman pope (Gregory Xll) resigned on the condition that the people recognized him as a real pope and not an anti-pope), pope at Avignon (Benedict Xlll) deposed after he would not resign (retired to Spain)
16
Q
Describe the ways that artists such as Cimabue and Giotto changed medieval art.
A
- more realistic portrayal of human body/facial expressions (Lamentation - grief on people’s faces after Jesus’s death)
- shading (arms on cross, Judas’ cloak)
- 3D/depth perception (crowd, angels)
17
Q
What is the origin and meaning of the term “Renaissance”?
A
artists and writers thought they were living in golden age of new intellectual, artistic, and cultural life, 16th century = dubbed “Renaissance” from the French word for “rebirth” (first used by Giorgio Vasari)
18
Q
According to some scholars, what three things ushered in the “modern” world?
A
cultural and political changes, religious changes of the Reformation, European voyages of exploration
19
Q
Why does Moses usually have horns in Medieval and Renaissance art?
A
mistranslation of the Bible by jerome in his “Latin Vulgate” when he comes down to earth with face “shining” or “had horns”
20
Q
About how many books were printed in Europe from 1450 to 1500?
A
8,000,000-20,000,000
21
Q
What is the “Treasury of Merit”?
A
God stored up good deeds of others and Pope can hand these good deeds out in the form of indulgences to people who need them
22
Q
What was “The Sausage Incident”?
A
Zwingli ate sausage during the 40 days of Lent (wasn’t a biblical practice) in public to defy the church
23
Q
How did Luther and Zwingli disagree on worship?
A
Luther: worship authorized if not condemned (normative principle), Zwingli: worship: only authorized if commanded (regulative principle)
24
Q
Describe the four views on communion. Who advocated each position?
A
- transubstantiation- RCC (literal - bread and wine was Jesus’s body and blood)
- consubstantiation- Luther (Jesus’s presence was “in, with, and under” the bread and wine)
- spiritual- Calvin (Christ is present but in spirit)
- memorial/symbolic- Zwingli = representation
25
What were the Anabaptists' four main beliefs/practices?
1. pacifism
2. extreme separation of church and state
3. believer's baptism
4. separation from the world
26
What two modern groups of Christians are descended from the Anabaptists?
Amish (Jakob Amman) and Mennonites (Menno Simons)
27
6 doctrinal practices re-affirmed at the Council of Trent
1) authority of the Apocrypha
2) authority of Tradition - equal to Scripture
3) authority of the Vulgate translation
4) existence of purgatory
5) communion: transubstantiation
6) 7 sacraments
28
What did Loyala mean when he said we should put aside all private judgements? Submitting to the RCC?
1) no personal interpretation of the Bible
| 2) always believe/obey RCC even if you disagree
29
What was the religious situation in Switzerland and the HRE by the end of the 16th century - that is, in what sense did people have or not have religious freedom?
- each Swiss canton was allowed to determine its own religion and gave up foreign alliances (policy of neutrality
- Diet of Augsburg- Lutherans give statement of faith in Augsburg Confession but Charles V did not accept it and ordered Protestants to convert back to Catholicism
- Protestants then formed military alliance to fight the emperor
- recognized Lutheranism in "Peace of Augsburg", territories decided either Catholicism or Lutheranism, and empire split but no religious freedom
30
How did European rulers increase their authority?
1. control over finances, religion, and nobility
2. increasing the size of the standing army and developing a navy
3. increasing bureaucracy (administrators of the government) and making it an instrument of their royal will
4. increasing territory through war if necessary
31
Who was King Louis Xlll's chief minister and how did he strengthen the power of the king?
Cardinal Richelieu
1. destroying the Huguenots - forced them to house French soldiers, ordered their children to be taken and raised by RCs, and sent spies to churches
2. weakening the nobility - removed them from positions of authority in local gov'ts and replaced them with intendents, officials directly responsible to the king
32
Louis XlV's religious policies
revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, taking away the Huguenot's freedom to worship, causing 250,000-500,000 left France
33
How did Louis XIV use Versailles to showcase his power?
required nobility to stay at palace for a part of the year so that they couldn't plot against him, Apollo Basin, Hall of Mirrors, gardens
34
divisions among the English Puritans
1. Presbyterians and Congregationalists/Independents disagreed about church gov't
2. Separatists and Non-Separatists disagreed about separation of church and state
3. Baptists and Paedobaptists disagreed about baptism
35
How was Charles l forced to strengthen Parliament's power? (What event provoked it, and in what specific ways did he increase their power?)
- didn't convene Parliament for 11 yrs.
- forced to call them when Scotland rebelled against him
- signed acts that said Parliament would meet every 3 years even without royal permission, could not be dissolved without its own consent, and no taxes were legal except those passed by Parl...
36
What happened at the Battle of Naseby?
Oliver Cromwell leads the Roundheads to defeat Charles, 11 months later, Charles surrenders
37
What kind of a ruler was Oliver Cromwell?
- military dictatorship (forbade sports, closed theaters, and censored press)
- deep religious conviction
38
What were some provisions of the English Bill of Rights?
1. no taxation without representation
2. freedom of speech
3. the right to bear arms
4. no cruel and unusual punishment
39
Which three developments aides the Scientific Revolution?
the Medieval University, the Renaissance, and technology
40
Why did the Roman Catholic Church oppose Galileo?
The new experimental method questioned established authority because it included learning and investigation. The RCC felt threatened by this, so it outlawed all the books of new scientists.
41
What famous work did Newton publish in 1687? What is it about?
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, described Newton's three laws of motion, using mathematical laws
42
What made the Enlightenment different from other eras?
- looking forward
- progress through human discovery
- Medieval = spiritual
- Renaissance = looking back
43
What were the primary values of the Enlightenment?
1. rationalism- should only except what you can prove through reason, base everything on your own reason, not just tradition (ex. Descartes - epistemology - "how do you know what you know" so he says to doubt everything "I think; therefore, I know")
2. Nature and nature's laws- God made nature and set everything into motion - discovered through rationalism (He isn't moving the planets himself all day)
3. happiness- living a good life (contributing to society)
4. scientific method- capable of studying laws of human society as well as nature
5. faith in progress
6. liberty/toleration - is society better if people are allowed to speak out?
44
Why did the Enlightenment happen when it did?
1. contact with wider world - truth and morality are relative, not absolute
2. scientific revolution - doubt about previous beliefs
3. religious wars - doubt on importance of religious conformity
45
What is Deism? Compare/contrast it with Christianity.
- religion of nature, nothing about Christianity is mysterious
- no prophets or divine revelation
- how secluded people get the gospel
- Jefferson's Bible
1. Existence of God
2. Worship for God
3. Ethical standards
4. Need for repentance
5. Reward or punishment
- Christians believe in personal relationship and the ALL of the Bible
46
Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
defeated Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, became King of England, unites England, puts Normans in sheriff positions, writes Domesday book, limited the power of church officials and nobles
47
Henry ll of England
WoN's grandson, inherited French provinces, up to ½ of France, marries into nobility (Eleanor) to gain more land
48
King John of England
son of Henry ll, forced to sign the Magna Carta by barons in 1215, lost Normandy and other lands to Philip ll, tyrant, thought King was above the law, upset pope, his gov't too big, took away whatever he wanted from barons (land, daughters, money through taxes)
49
Peter Waldo
rich merchant (city of Lyons), gave money to poor, preached only prayers, not sacraments, needed for salvation, Waldensians - Peter Waldo's followers, attacked sacraments and church hierarchy
50
Pope Innocent lll
called 4th Lateran Council, transubstantiation, most powerful pope in history, sought to made papal authority over political authority
51
Pope Boniface Vlll
believed all salvation came from obedience to the pope, Unam Sanctam
52
Dominic
formed Dominicans (focus = studying, preaching, teaching), religious order
53
Francis
religious order, focused on charity work, helping poor and lepers
54
Clare
friend of Francis, order for women, Poor Clares, similar to Francis's focus
55
Anselm
theologian/philosopher, archbishop of canterbury, famous argument for existence of God: ontological argument for God's existence, do not understand in order to believe, believe in order to understand = relationship between belief and understanding
56
Peter Abelard
brilliant French scholar and teacher, Sic at Non: "Yes and No" - different positions of church leaders (free will), doubting = questioning = truth: value of doubt
57
Thomas Aquinas, What possibilities does human reason offer? What limitations are there to reason? What is the relationship between reason and faith?
Dominican friar, professor at university of Paris, Summa Theologica ("5 Ways": Proofs for God's existence), answers to everything/all sorts of questions, human reason can only go so far - make conjectures about the natural world until it hits a wall. Reason becomes speculation without faith. Reason and faith and divine reason and human reason must go together to fully understand the world around us. That is how God made our minds to work because He is omniscient.
58
Joan of Arc
- Hundred Years' War
- had visions as teenager that Charles Vll had to be crowned
- Charles placed her in French army dressed as knight
- ordered English to surrender but didn't so she drove out English and crowned Charles Vll as king at Reims
- became co-commander of entire army and gained victories
59
Meister Eckhart
theologian, preacher, and mystic from Germany - God is known by fantastical contemplation (cannot know divine), accused of teaching heresy bc vague, pantheistic-sounding teachings, "God is not good."
60
Catherine of Siena
- Dominican nun from Siena, Italy, mystical marriage with Jesus, helped poor and sick, teacher of mysticism/miracle-worker
- During the Avignon Papacy, because of a vision, she set out to convince the pope to return to Rome.
61
John Wycliffe
professor in Oxford, England, denied transubstantiation, true church - invisible church, not the visible hierarchical church, Pope = anti-Christ, taught that all Christians should be able to read Bible, translated Bible into English
62
John Hus
priest in Prague, Bohemia, denied need to submit to an abusive ruler, opposed sale of indulgences, burned at the stake at Council of Constance, communion = both kinds, clergy give up wealth, simony punished, Bible preached freely
63
Thomas á Kempis
- monk and priest from Netherlands
- member of "Brethren of Common Life" - devout lives and serve poor
- author of Imitation of Christ
64
What were three most important works of fiction from this period? Who wrote them? What were they about?
Dante's Divine Comedy
Canterbury Tales by Chaucer
Boccacio's Decameron (short stories of history, including Black Death)
65
Giorgio Vasari
16th century = dubbed "Renaissance" from the French word for "rebirth" (first used by Giorgio Vasari)
66
Medici family
-public officials (Cosino, Piero, Lorenzo) ruled behind the scenes in Florence, became hereditary Grand Duchy of Tuscany with Medici's as Grand Dukes until 1737 (3 popes came out of this line for political skills)
67
Girolamo Savonarola
McKay: preached against Italy for its moral vice and corrupt leadership, saying kGod was punishing them with French invasion. B/c of this, people liked these reforms initially as he became political and religious leader of Florence, had "bonfires of the vanities" - burned clothing, cosmetics, instruments, etc.
BJU: Alexander Vl (pope) prohibited him from preaching, then bribery, then excommunication - arrested, tortured, tried, hung, burned, and dumped into Arno River
68
Baldassare Castiglione
- the Book of the Courtier - qualifications of the ideal Renaissance man/woman
- l'uomo universale- the well-rounded person (languages, war skills, music, educated)
- sprezzatura- an air of nonchalance and grace
- not about morals, about what will work
69
Erasmus
- The Praise of Folly
- satirical, discussed the dark side of the Renaissance
- fallen nature, despair, and hypocrisy of mankind
- theologians: "waging war against lice and fleas"
70
Petrarch
- wanted to bring back classical wisdom and writings
- the value of copying works
- the value of Cicero
71
Pico
- Oration on the Dignity of Man
- human beings = "great miracle" and "worthy of admiration"
- but also has free will to be whatever he wants to be (chameleon)
72
Machiavelli
- Prince
- what it means to be and affective ruler
- better to be feared bc the goal is obedience and power
- don't ask what is right; ask what will work
73
Thomas More
- Utopia
- perfect society
- communist - don't need to pay, everything's shared
- executed bc he ruses to swear allegiance to Henry as the head of the church
74
Martin Luther
95 Theses, Tower experience, storm commits him to being monk, salvation is by faith, not by works (Rom 1:17), excommunicated, Diet of Worms (expected debate but was implored to recant), declared outlaw, published German Bible
75
Philipp Melanchthon
wrote Augsburg Confession, foundation of Lutheran Church, friend of Luther
76
Ulrich Zwingli
- Zurich, Switzerland
- 1484-1531
- beliefs: justification by faith, Sola Scriptura, attacked indulgences, monasticism, clerical celibacy, purgatory
77
John Calvin
Institutes of the Christian Religion - Geneva, Switzerland, duty to assist the Church, 1536, predestination
78
John Knox
founded the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Scots Confession (1560)
79
Charles V
- HRE during Luther's time
- Diet of Augsburg- Lutherans give statement of faith in Augsburg Confession but Charles V did not accept it and ordered Protestants to convert back to Catholicism
- Protestants then formed military alliance to fight the emperor
- recognized Lutheranism in "Peace of Augsburg", territories decided either Catholicism or Lutheranism, and empire split but no religious freedom (against his wishes)
80
Leo X
(Giovanni de Medici) - loved pleasures, ugly, fat, bad for RCC, St. Peter's Basilica, excommunicated Luther
81
Prince Frederick the Wise
ruler over Wittenberg, protected Luther after declared an outlaw
82
Johann Tetzel
main indulgence seller
83
Conrad Grebel
Anabaptist founder
84
Felix Manz
Anabaptist founder, executed by drowning
85
George Blaurock
Anabaptist founder
86
Menno Simmons
famous anabaptist who founded the Mennonites
87
Jacob Amman
famous anabaptist who founded the Amish
88
Henry Vlll
- the head of the English/Anglican Church
- he declares England a Protestant country
- Act of Supremacy
- initially a staunch catholic
- wife, Katherine of Aragon, could not have a son, and he wants to divorce her, but pope refuses, so he switches to Protestantism
89
Thomas Cranmer
One of the Protestants Mary l kills is Thomas Cranmer (author of the Book of Common Prayer). Unfortunately, Cranmer agreed to sign a document saying that he recounted his protestant faith. But, they still execute him. At his execution, he holds out his hand he wrote to write the document as a sign of his regret towards his rejecting God. most famous protestant martyr
90
Edward Vl
strongly under influence of Protestant advisors, took down images of Mary/Jesus/saints, etc. from churches (iconoclasm) and clergy could marry
91
Mary Tudor
She is Catholic because 1) Henry turned the country Protestant just to divorce her mom, and 2) she had Catholic roots (she was Spanish). She executes hundreds of Protestants and makes England return to allegiance to the Pope. She dies after 5 years of reigning. One of the Protestants she kills is Thomas Cranmer. Mary l/"Bloody Mary" - 5 yrs
92
Mary Stuart
Queen of Scots
93
Elizabeth l
1) kept the formality and ceremonies of the Catholics
2) kept the basic hierarchy (monarchs - archbishops - bishops)
45 yr. rule, Protestant bc if not, she would say her mother's marriage was invalid, sought to retain peace and make England moderately Protestant
94
Ignatius Loyola
Jesuits/Society of Jesus
1) no personal interpretation of the Bible
2) always believe/obey RCC even if you disagree
- in his book, Rules for Thinking with the Church
95
Bartolomeu Dias
- King of Portugal sent him around Africa to India for trade route
- storm as they rounded tip of Africa, headed back around and saw rocky cape ("Cape of storms" then "Cape of Good Hope")
96
Vasco de Gama
- found wider trade route to India following currents and broke Muslim trade monopoly bc heavy artillery of Portuguese ships
- trade route followed by sailors
97
Christopher Columbus
- appealed to Portuguese king to finance trip but said no
- King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agree to finance trip
- Oct. 12, 1492 - San Salvador ("Holy Savior"), thought it was East Indies but Bahamas
- also sailed down South America, thinking it was Japan
98
Amerigo Vespucci
- sailed west for Spain to find out why Columbus wasn't coming back with riches
- declared them new continents
- Waldseemüller (German mapmaker) first to call them Americas
99
Ferdinand Magellan
- circumnavigation of the earth
- only returned with one ship
- killed in Philippines by natives
100
John Smith
Jamestown, Virginia, 1607, English
101
Francis Xavier
Jesuit missionary came to Japan
102
Louis Xlll
- supported the Protestants' rebellion against the Roman Catholic HRE to limit the HRE's power, French-Protestant victory, peace of Westphalia (Thirty Years' War)
- chief advisor = Cardinal Richelieu
103
Cardinal Richelieu
tried to strengthen power of king
104
Louis XlV
- greater gov't control
- weakened nobility's influence over troops
- revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, taking away the Huguenot's freedom to worship, causing 250,000-500,000 left France
- Versailles
- extended boundaries to Pyrenees, Alps, and the Rhine
105
James I
- opposed Puritans
- ordered translation of KJ Bible, aka "Authorized Version"
- continual tension with Parliament due to financial problems
106
James II
- son of Charles I and brother of Charles II, unpopular because he was RC; threatened to undermine Protestants
- kicked out of England
107
Charles I
- persecuted Puritans
- wanted to govern England without Parliament (didn't convene for 11 yrs.)
- marched against House of Commons
- English Civil War against Cromwell
- beheaded
108
Oliver Cromwell
- led Roundheads in Civil War against Charles
| - "Lord Protector" over the "Protectorate"
109
Galen
4 humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, illness = imbalance of humors
110
Copernicus
Key discoveries: the sun is at the center of the universe and copernican hypothesis, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Polish
1. stars remained in place while the earth rotated
2. universe is "unthinkably" large
3. justified his theories through math, not philosophy
4. where is Heaven?
111
Kepler
German, three laws of planetary motion: 1. orbits around the sun are elliptical, not circular, 2. planets do not move at uniform speed, 3. time of complete orbit is related to its distance from the sun
112
Galileo
Italian, experimental method and law of inertia, used telescope to discover Jupiter's four moons, the Sidereal Messenger
113
Newton
English, tried to find elixir of life (alchemy), law of universal gravitation, centripetal force and acceleration, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, described Newton's three laws of motion, using mathematical laws
114
Bacon
English, experimental method led to empirical method (empiricism), the Royal Society, met weekly to conduct experiments and discuss latest finding of scholars across Europe
115
Descartes
French, analytical geometry from vision, Cartesian dualism
116
Paracelsus
Swiss, experimental method in medicine, pioneered the use of chemical drugs for chemical imbalances
117
Vesalius
Flemish, dissected bodies of executed criminals, On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) , 200 drawings of human anatomy
118
Harvey
English, circulation of blood through veins and arteries, heart worked like a pump and explained functions of muscles and valves
119
Boyle
Irishman, founded modern science of chemistry, created vacuum, Boyle's law, experiments to discover basic elements of nature composed of very small atoms
120
Hobbes
- English philosopher
- Leviathon (1651) - social contract: members of society place themselves under the absolute rule of the king, who maintains peace and order
- king = head, people = body
121
John Locke
- English philosopher
- Essay Concerning Human Understanding - mind is a "Tabula Rasa" (blank slate); ideas derived form experience
- human development determined by educational/social institutions
- rejected original sin - morally neutral
- Two Treatises of Civil Gov't = role of gov't: protect life, liberty, and property
- A Letter Concerning Toleration (religious freedom)
- people have a right to rebel against tyrannical gov't
122
Spinoza
- Jewish atheist
- Dutch with radical idea
- What is the universe made of?
- rejects Descartes' dualism; advocates pantheism (everything is God)
- advocated determinism (no free will)
123
Gottfried
- German
- developed calculus
- universe is infinite numbers of substances/monads
- Theodicy - this is "the best of all possible worlds"
124
Montesquieu
- French nobleman and attorney
- wanted to limit absolutism
- the Spirit of Laws - separation of powers (executive, legislative, and judicial branches)
125
Voltaire
- French philosopher and wrote over 70 books
- view of gov't: hope for a good monarch, since people "are very rarely worthy to govern themselves"
- Candide - a novel mocking Spinoza's "best of all possible worlds" idea
- Anti-Christian (deist)
126
Diderot
- French philosopher
- compiled the first modern Encyclopedia (17 volumes; 1751-1772)
- goal to "change the general way of thinking"
- controversial cause tradition and anti-Christain
127
Rousseau
- Swiss philosopher
- Father of Romanticism
- the Social Contract: individuals enter into a social contract with each other - this creates an organized civil society, power in the general will of the people, unjust rulers should be removed from power
- Emile (A Treatise on Education): romantic idea that people are basically good, child must be protected from the corrupting influence of civilization ("natural education")
128
David Hume
- Scottish philosopher
- religious skeptic: criticized argument from design, belief in miracles
- reason cannot tell us anything about questions that cannot be verified by sensory experience
- undermined faith in the power of reason
129
Adam Smith
- Scottish philosopher
- An Inquiry into the Nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations: more laws/regulation create economic problems for businesses, advocates free markets
130
Immanuel Kant
- German, one of the most influential philosophers
- What is Enlightenment?
- "Sapere Aude (dare to know)! 'Have the courage to use your own understanding' is therefore the motto of the enlightenment!"
- ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology
131
Beccaria
- Italian philosopher and nobleman
- On Crimes and Punishments: plea to reform the penal system, criticized use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment, and capitol punishment, advocated prevention of crime over reliance of punishment
- greatly influenced American founders
132
Reconquista
Muslims and some Jews driven out of Spain
133
College of Cardinals
1059 Lateran Council, authority to elect the pope, special group of priests from major churches around Rome, governs church when no Pope
134
Babylonian Captivity of the Church
- Philip the Fair of France vs. Pope Boniface Vlll
| - PB dies, replaced by Clement V who was encouraged to move to Avignon (67 yrs.)
135
Great Western Schism
Urban Vl declared pope in rome by full college of cardinals but turned out to be cruel so French cardinals met and declared King Charles V of France as pope in Avignon (Clement Vll), Urban dies, Clement Vll prepares to go to Rome but Romans elected Boniface lX instead
136
Renaissance humanism
a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek lit with the goal of understanding human nature
137
Huguenots
French Calvinists
138
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris
- wedding of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Henry of Navarre (for the reconciliation of religions), Protestants were slaughtered by the thousands, violence for 15 yrs. afterwards
139
Iconoclasm
against the icons in the Catholic church (pics of Mary, saints, etc.)
140
Caravel
-seagoing vessel - lighter and faster with two kinds of sails: large square sails for power and small triangular sails for maneuverability, high sides, deep, broad for oceans storms/waves
141
Line of Demarcation
- division of the world between Spain (west) and Portugal (east), avoiding disputes about trade rights and territory
- encouraged Portugal to colonize Africa, East Indies, and the tip of Brazil, Spain = all of the New World, could no longer go around tip of Africa to India so had to find a new route
142
mercantilism
believed that newly found wealth should benefit mother country
143
absolutism
rule is unrestrained and unlimited
144
Edict of Nantes
granted liberty of conscience and public worship to Calvinists in 150 fortified towns
145
Petition of Right
document passed by Parliament attempting to limit king's (Charles I) power
146
Roundheads
the Puritans, lesser gentry, and merchants who fought for Parliament (few had long hair)
147
Royalists
supporters of the king
148
the Restoration
the reestablishment of the monarchy with Charles II after Oliver Cromwell
149
the Glorious Revolution
Parliament invites William III and Mary II to take the throne after James II is kicked out, "Bloodless" Revolution
150
Act of Settlement
Parliament granted the right to choose the king
151
Natural Philosophy
- fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned
- what we call "science"
152
experimental method
repeatable and controlled experiments rather than speculation
153
empiricism
inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than speculation
154
cartesian dualism
all reality can be reduced to two fundamental entities: matter or mind and spiritual and physical
155
epistemology
"how do you know what you know"
156
philosophes
a group of French noblemen claimed to bring the light of knowledge to their fellow humans
157
salon
where philosophes discussed lit, science, and philosophy held by talented and rich Parisians
158
enlightened absolutism
monarchs who adapted ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance without renouncing their absolute authority
159
Unam Sanctam
Pope Boniface Vlll vs. French King Philip lV - 1302 - if you want to be saved, you must be a part of the RCC and must OBEY THE POPE
-this was just an assertion because this marked the turning point of the papacy (it was growing, now it's declining)
160
Why God Became Man
Anselm
