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History > European History SG - The Scientific Revolution and the Englightenment > Flashcards

European History SG - The Scientific Revolution and the Englightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle’s universe

A

motionless earth at the center of the universe and encompassed by 10 crystal spheres that revolved around it and above this is heaven

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2
Q

Physics

A

sublunar world = earth, 4 elements: air and fire (light elements) and water and earth (heavy elements), can be affected by humans, uniform force moves an object at constant speed until force is removed and object stops

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3
Q

Ptolemy - the universe

A

planets moved in small circles called epicycles which also moved around a larger circle called a deferent, accurate model for planetary motion

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4
Q

Galen - anatomy/meds

A

4 humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, illness = imbalance of humors

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5
Q

natural philosophy

A
  • fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned
  • what we call “science”
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6
Q

the Medieval University

A
  • basis for curriculum = Greek texts reentering the world through Arabic/Islamic culture
  • new professorships = mathematics, astronomy, and optics
  • union between mathematics and science
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7
Q

the Renaissance

A
  • patrons funded scientific work
  • artists used geometry to create 3D artwork
  • texts were rediscovered
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8
Q

technology

A
  • rise of printing

- better instruments for navigation gave rise to experimentation

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9
Q

Which three developments aides the Scientific Revolution?

A

the Medieval University, the Renaissance, and technology

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10
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Key discoveries: the sun is at the center of the universe and copernican hypothesis

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11
Q

What was the name of Copernicus’s famous book, and when was it published?

A

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

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12
Q

What were the four implications of the Copernican hypothesis?

A
  1. stars remained in place while the earth rotated
  2. universe is “unthinkably” large
  3. justified his theories through math, not philosophy
  4. where is Heaven?
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13
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

German, three laws of planetary motion: 1. orbits around the sun are elliptical, not circular, 2. planets do not move at uniform speed, 3. time of complete orbit is related to its distance from the sun

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14
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Italian, experimental method and law of inertia, used telescope to discover Jupiter’s four moons, the Sidereal Messenger (1610)

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15
Q

experimental method

A

repeatable and controlled experiments rather than speculation

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16
Q

law of inertia

A

an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

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17
Q

Why did the Roman Catholic Church oppose Galileo?

A

The new experimental method questioned established authority because it included learning and investigation. The RCC felt threatened by this, so it outlawed all the books of new scientists.

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18
Q

Isaac Newton

A

English, tried to find elixir of life (alchemy), law of universal gravitation, centripetal force and acceleration

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19
Q

What famous work did Newton publish in 1687? What is it about?

A

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, described Newton’s three laws of motion, using mathematical laws

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20
Q

law of universal gravitation

A

every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship

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21
Q

“Newton’s synthesis of mathematics with physics and astronomy prevailed until the _______ century and established him as one of the most important figures in the history of science”

A

twentieth

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22
Q

Francis Bacon

A

English, experimental method led to empirical method (empiricism)

23
Q

empiricism

A

inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than speculation

24
Q

What society was formed in 1660 with the help of Bacon? What did they do?

A

the Royal Society, met weekly to conduct experiments and discuss latest finding of scholars across Europe

25
Q

René Descartes

A

French, analytical geometry from vision, Cartesian dualism

26
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

all reality can be reduced to two fundamental entities: matter or mind and spiritual and physical

27
Q

Paracelsus

A

Swiss, experimental method in medicine, pioneered the use of chemical drugs for chemical imbalances

28
Q

Vesalius

A

Flemish, dissected bodies of executed criminals, On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) , 200 drawings of human anatomy

29
Q

Harvey

A

English, circulation of blood through veins and arteries, heart worked like a pump and explained functions of muscles and valves

30
Q

Boyle

A

Irishman, founded modern science of chemistry, created vacuum, Boyle’s law, experiments to discover basic elements of nature composed of very small atoms

31
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume

32
Q

When did the Enlightenment take place?

A

1690-1789, maturity = 1750

33
Q

What made it different from other eras?

A
  • looking forward
  • progress through human discovery
  • Medieval = spiritual
  • Renaissance = looking back
34
Q

What were the primary values of the Enlightenment?

A
  1. rationalism- should only except what you can prove through reason, base everything on your own reason, not just tradition (ex. Descartes - epistemology - “how do you know what you know” so he says to doubt everything “I think; therefore, I know”)
  2. Nature and nature’s laws- God made nature and set everything into motion - discovered through rationalism (He isn’t moving the planets himself all day)
  3. happiness- living a good life (contributing to society)
  4. scientific method- capable of studying laws of human society as well as nature
  5. faith in progress
  6. liberty/toleration - is society better if people are allowed to speak out?
35
Q

Why did the Enlightenment happen when it did?

A
  1. contact with wider world - truth and morality are relative, not absolute
  2. scientific revolution - doubt about previous beliefs
  3. religious wars - doubt on importance of religious conformity
36
Q

What is Deism?

A
  • religion of nature, nothing about Christianity is mysterious
  • no prophets or divine revelation
  • how secluded people get the gospel
  • Jefferson’s Bible
    1. Existence of God
    2. Worship for God
    3. Ethical standards
    4. Need for repentance
    5. reward or punishment
37
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • English philosopher
  • Leviathon (1651) - social contract: members of society place themselves under the absolute rule of the king, who maintains peace and order
  • king = head, people = body
38
Q

John Locke

A
  • English philosopher
  • Essay Concerning Human Understanding - mind is a “Tabula Rasa” (blank slate); ideas derived form experience
  • human development determined by educational/social institutions
  • rejected original sin - morally neutral
  • Two Treatises of Civil Gov’t = role of gov’t: protect life, liberty, and property
  • A Letter Concerning Toleration (religious freedom)
  • people have a right to rebel against tyrannical gov’t
39
Q

Baruch Spinoza

A
  • Jewish atheist
  • Dutch with radical idea
  • What is the universe made of?
  • rejects Descartes’ dualism; advocates pantheism (everything is God)
  • advocated determinism (no free will)
40
Q

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

A
  • German
  • developed calculus
  • universe is infinite numbers of substances/monads
  • Theodicy - this is “the best of all possible worlds”
41
Q

Montesquieu

A
  • French nobleman and attorney
  • wanted to limit absolutism
  • the Spirit of Laws - separation of powers (executive, legislative, and judicial branches)
42
Q

Voltaire

A
  • French philosopher and wrote over 70 books
  • view of gov’t: hope for a good monarch, since people “are very rarely worthy to govern themselves”
  • Candide - a novel mocking Spinoza’s “best of all possible worlds” idea
  • Anti-Christian (deist)
43
Q

Denis Diderot

A
  • French philosopher
  • compiled the first modern Encyclopedia (17 volumes; 1751-1772)
  • goal to “change the general way of thinking”
  • controversial cause tradition and anti-Chrisitna
44
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A
  • Swiss philosopher
  • Father of Romanticism
  • the Social Contract: individuals enter into a social contract with each other - this creates an organized civil society, power in the general will of the people, unjust rulers should be removed from power
  • Emile (A Treatise on Education): romantic idea that people are basically good, child must be protected from the corrupting influence of civilization (“natural education”)
45
Q

David Hume

A
  • Scottish philosopher
  • religious skeptic: criticized argument from design, belief in miracles
  • reason cannot tell us anything about questions that cannot be verified by sensory experience
  • undermined faith in the power of reason
46
Q

Adam Smith

A
  • Scottish philosopher
  • An Inquiry into the Nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations: more laws/regulation create economic problems for businesses, advocates free markets
47
Q

Immanuel Kant

A
  • German, one of the most influential philosophers
  • What is Enlightenment?
  • “Sapere Aude (dare to know)! ‘Have the courage to use your own understanding’ is therefore the motto of the enlightenment!”
  • ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology
48
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A
  • Italian philosopher and nobleman
  • On Crimes and Punishments: plea to reform the penal system, criticized use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment, and capitol punishment, advocated prevention of crime over reliance of punishment
  • greatly influenced American founders
49
Q

philosophes

A

a group of French noblemen claimed to bring the light of knowledge to their fellow humans

50
Q

reading revolution

A

from a society of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and material was diverse

51
Q

salon

A

where philosophes discussed lit, science, and philosophy held by talented and rich Parisians

52
Q

rococo

A

popular style = soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by cupids

53
Q

public sphere

A

an idealized intellectual space where the public met to discuss society, economics, and politics

54
Q

enlightened absolutism

A

monarchs who adapted ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance without renouncing their absolute authority

History (53 decks)

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