European History SG - Ch. 10

Question 1

society

Answer 1

growth of cities, increases trade and commerce (b/c crusades and growth of cities), growth of middle class

Question 2

religion

Answer 2

RCC and papacy at the height of their power

Question 3

education

Answer 3

rise of universities, scholasticism, new sources of knowledge from Arabic and Greco-Roman sources

Question 4

art

Answer 4

great cathedral

Question 5

wars

Answer 5

the crusades

Question 6

Why were moneychangers so important during this time?

Answer 6

increased trade so increased money (standard of value for all goods), feudal lords = minted their own coins so there were many different types of currency), converted currency, checked for counterfeits, acted as banks, would keep money in safekeeping for merchants, loans, letters of credit = checks)

Question 7

What is usury? Why did the church condemn it? What changed their attitude?

Answer 7

the practice of charging interest for the use of lent money, would be making money off a brother who needed money, borrowed money = business investment, equal chance of punishment for investor so could make a profit on a loan

Question 8

Describe the importance of the invention of wind and water mills.

Answer 8

reduced time or labor to crush grain, etic. women were relieved to do other activities (gardens, spinning yarn, animals)

Question 9

What were the causes of the rise in population between the mid-eleventh and fourteenth centuries?

Answer 9

1. warmer climates increased food supply so that they could grow more good
2. political stability = reduction of violence
3. health care increase - apothecaries, barber-surgeons, hospitals

Question 10

What factors made possible the growth of towns?

Answer 10

• rise of population
• increased food supply meant not everyone had to be farmer
• greater protection = merchants can travel safely to and from towns (gathered around trade routes/harbors)

Question 11

common characteristics of medieval towns

Answer 11

-mint, marketplace, court, walls, trade (artisans, shopkeepers, merchants)

Question 12

Name largest cities and number of people.

Answer 12

Paris - 200,000, Cordoba - 500,000, Constantinople - 300,000

Question 13

things traders would bring to Europe from the East

Answer 13

spices, sugar, silks, carpets, slaves, clothing, wine

Question 14

Commercial Revolution and mercantile capitalism

Answer 14

1) volume of trade increased and new complexity of business procedures, new capitalist spirit - imperative to make a profit, have wealth
2) merchants bringing back materials to sell

Question 15

What does the word “sacrament” mean?

Answer 15

certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace

Question 16

7 RCC sacraments

Answer 16

1. baptism (mostly infant)- takes care of original sin, determines salvation, puts them on road to purgatory/heaven
2. confirmation - older person declaring faith after infant baptism (many people did not do this because bishops were busy and not a priority), understanding
3. Eucharist- communion, 1x a year @ easter
4. penance- making up for sin (pilgrimage, saying Lord’s prayer a certain amount of times)
5. marriage (done in church) or 6. holy orders/ priestly ordination- no marriage, devoted for life
6. anointment of the dying (last rites)

Question 17

Describe three factors that led to a revival of learning in the 12th century

Answer 17

1. political and economic advances improved climates for intellectual pursuit
2. new knowledge from East - Greek/Roman/Arabic
3. gov’t expanded so need for more education besides theology due to growth of towns

Question 18

Had you lived before the development of universities and wanted to get an education, what were your options?

Answer 18

monasteries and cathedral schools mostly to become clergy, municipal schools run by towns

Question 19

What explanation did medieval scientists give for why men go bald and have larger shoulders and brains than women?

Answer 19

men: hot and dry so hair burned out and they went bald, larger shoulders and brains because heat made things expand
women: cold and wet

Question 20

What subject was considered the “queen of the sciences”? What does this term mean?

Answer 20

theology- the study of God who made all knowledge possible (foundation for all other subjects)

Question 21

What was the best place to study theology in the 12th century?

Answer 21

Notre Dame in Paris

Question 22

What method did the scholastics use to determine truth?

Answer 22

scholasticism- method of thinking, reasoning, and writing - question raised and rational answers given after discussing both sides of a subject from authorities such as Aristotle and the Bible, new knowledge from East so analyzed this

Question 23

What significant event occurred around 1200?

Answer 23

founding of first universities

Question 24

What could cause a professor at the University of Bologna to be fined?

Answer 24

• not having an audience of at least 5
• must begin with the bell and end one min. after next bell
• must cover a certain amount of material systematically throughout the year

Question 25

What is vernacular literature?

Answer 25

local dialect that authors wrote in instead of latin which was the language used universities (French/German)

Question 26

Who were the troubadours?

Answer 26

poets who wrote and sang lyric verses celebrating love, desire, and beauty

Question 27

What is the origin of the word “cathedral”?

Answer 27

• church of a bishop / admin. headquarters

- Greek (kathedra) - “seat” - bishop/s throne, symbol of office

Question 28

differences between Romanesque and Gothic architecture

Answer 28

Romanesque: rectangular buildings (as wide as it is tall), made of stone, rounded arches
Gothic: flying buttresses (stone supports), pointed arches and stone ribs filled with plaster that supported the majority of the weight of the ceiling so that walls could be constructed of more stain glass windows

Question 29

significant event of 1163

Answer 29

began building Notre Dame

Question 30

For what were cathedrals used?

Answer 30

baptisms, masses, funerals, saint’s day services, guild meetings (organization of people of same trade - blacksmiths)

Question 31

What is polyphony?

Answer 31

adding voices in different pitches to chanting by clergy in the form of liturgical music called plain song/Gregorian chanting

Question 32

Anselm

Answer 32

theologian/philosopher, archbishop of canterbury

Question 33

What is the name of Anselm’s famous argument for the existence of God?

Answer 33

ontological argument for God’s existence

Question 34

Anselm’s view of atonement

Answer 34

satisfaction theory of atonement - God having been dishonored by sin, must receive satisfaction. JC - both man and God provides that satisfaction

Question 35

What did Anselm say about the relationship between belief and understanding?

Answer 35

do not understand in order to believe, believe in order to understand

Question 36

Peter Abelard

Answer 36

brilliant French scholar and teacher

Question 37

name of famous book and subject material (PA)

Answer 37

Sic at Non: “Yes and No” - different positions of church leaders (free will)

Question 38

What did Peter Abelard say about the value of doubt?

Answer 38

doubting = questioning = truth

Question 39

Abelard’s view of atonement

Answer 39

moral influence theory of atonement, cross = ultimate display of God’s love and in response to the love of God thus displayed we, in turn, love God and live for God rather than continuing in sin

Question 40

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 40

Dominican friar, professor at university of Paris

Question 41

famous book (TA)

Answer 41

Summa Theologica (“5 Ways”: Proofs for God’s existence), answers to everything/all sorts of questions

Question 42

What possibilities does human reason offer? What limitations are there to reason? What is the relationship between reason and faith?

Answer 42

human reason can only go so far - make conjectures about the natural world until it hits a wall. Reason becomes speculation without faith. Reason and faith and divine reason and human reason must go together to fully understand the world around us. That is how God made our minds to work because He is omniscient.

Question 43

What important social and economic changes took place in the High Middle Ages?

Answer 43

growth of cities, increased trade (moneychangers)

Question 44

How did sacraments shape life in the High Middle Ages?

Answer 44

7 sacraments…

Question 45

How did universities serve the needs of medieval society?

Answer 45

80 universities 1200-1500, education more accessible, legal, medical, and theological training needed because of the growth of cities

Question 46

How did art and architecture express medieval values?

Answer 46

Christianity - art shows symbolism (pictures connecting O and N T’s in stained glass windows), shape of church in cross form, centrality of religion = cathedrals center of towns (as Christ should be center of life)
importance of local community- cathedrals = symbol of civic pride, wealth, and power (competition between towns)
hierarchical structure of Roman catholicism: front altar closed off to commoners