European History SG - the Reformation Flashcards
How does moveable type work?
individual lets are carved out and put in order from a certain document, ink these letters and press down on blank sheet, can copy as many sheets as they want, Johann Gutenberg
About how many books were printed in Europe from 1450 to 1500?
8,000,000-20,000,000
What is the difference between Renaissance Humanism and Secular Humanism?
RH: a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek lit with the goal of understanding human nature
SH: “man is the measure of all things” and determines for himself how to live
How did the “War of the Roses” get its name? Who won? Which two English monarchs of the 16th century were descended from the winners?
2 rival families (House of York - emblem = white rose, House of Lancaster - emblem = red rose) fought for throne, House of York won, Henry Vlll and Elizabeth l
What is the “Treasury of Merit”?
God stored up good deeds of others and Pope can hand these good deeds out in the form of indulgences to people who need them
How did Luther come to interpret Romans 1:17?
salvation is by faith, not by works, “Tower Experience” (1515)
Who was the prince who protected Luther?
Prince Frederick the Wise, ruler over Wittenberg
Who was Luther’s friend who wrote the Augsburg Confession?
Philipp Melanchton (1530), foundation of Lutheran church
Who was the HRE during Luther’s time?
Charles V, Catholic (tries to keep empire this way)
Who was the most famous indulgence seller?
Johann Tetzel, “as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs”
Who was the pope who excommunicated Luther?
Leo X (Giovanni de Medici) - loved pleasures, ugly, fat, bad for RCC, St. Peter’s Basilica
What was the famous hymn written by Luther?
“A Mighty Fortress is our God”
What is the book Christi und Antichrisi about?
Jesus compared to the pope through indulgences
What was “The Sausage Incident”?
Zwingli ate sausage during the 40 days of Lent (wasn’t a biblical practice) in public to defy the church
How did Luther and Zwingli disagree on worship and communion? What was this meeting called?
Luther: worship authorized if not condemned (normative principle), communion: consubstantiation
Zwingli: worship: only authorized if commanded (regulative principle), communion: symbolic/memorial view
Meeting = Marburg Colloquy
What was the most famous systematic theology book of the Reformation? Who wrote it?
Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin - Geneva, Switzerland, duty to assist the Church, 1536, predestination
Why was John Knox significant?
founded the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Scots Confession (1560)
Describe the four views on communion. Who advocated each position?
- transubstantiation- RCC (literal - bread and wine was Jesus’s body and blood)
- consubstantiation- Luther (Jesus’s presence was “in, with, and under” the bread and wine)
- spiritual- Calvin (Christ is present but in spirit)
- memorial/symbolic- Zwingli = representation
What does the word “Anabaptist” mean?
“Re-baptizers”
What were the Anabaptist’s four main beliefs/practices?
Amish (Jakob Amman) and Mennonites (Menno Simons)
Why do you think the Anabaptists were seen as such a threat by all other kinds of Churches?
The Anabaptists undermined society frequently with their beliefs. Because they thought that they should be separated from the world, many probably did not want to contribute to the work force or the success of the town. They also did not join the army even in self-defense.
Who were the Hapsburgs, where did they come from, and why were they important?
HRE Frederick lll - ruler of Austria m. Princess Eleanore of Portugal (great deal of money), Maximilian m. Mary of Burgundy (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and County of Burgundy), their children m. children of Ferdinand and Isabella - Spanish rulers (Spain, southern Italy, and Spanish New World), HRE Charles V - heir to vast and diverse empire, became international, importance of marriage and inheritance in politics
For what reasons did Luther’s idea appeal to German rulers?
1) “we Germans” in attack against papacy - increased nationalism, 2) sincerely liked his ideas, 3) Protestantism = legal confiscation of farmlands, monasteries, and shrines that enhanced independence and wealth separate from the emperor
Following violence in Switzerland in the 1520s, what did the Swiss cantons determine their religious policy should be after the death of Ulrich Zwingli?
- each canton (regional group) was allowed to determine its own religion
- give up foreign alliances (police of neutrality)
What happened at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530?
- Lutherans gave a statements of faith (the Augsburg Confession)
- Charles V did not accept it and ordered Protestants to convert back to Catholicism
- Protestants then formed military alliance to fight the emperor
What happened as a result of the Concordat of Bologna?
- French crown could appoint all French bishops and abbots = rich supplement of money and offices
- no need to revolt against Rome
- opened the door to Calvinism
Who were the Huguenots?
- French Calvinists who converted from Catholicism
- lived in major cities like Paris
- 1/10 of population
How did King Henry ll die?
either accidentally shot at a tournament or was jousting and a scrap of his wooden spear pierced his helmet and went into his brain
How did Catholic mobs respond to Calvinist iconoclasm?
- defended images and killed them
- iconoclasm: against the icons in the Catholic church (pics of Mary, saints, etc.)
What happened on Saint Bartholomew’s Day in 1572?
- Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris
- wedding of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Henry of Navarre (for the reconciliation of religions), Protestants were slaughtered by the thousands, violence for 15 yrs. afterwards
What is the significance of the “politiques”?
- small group of French moderates of both faiths saying that strong monarchy could fix this (favored Calvinism as official group)
- Henry lV (Henry of Navarre) ascended the throne (Catholic but accepted Calvinism)
When was the Edict of Nantes? What was it?
1598 - granted liberty of conscience and public worship to Calvinists in 150 fortified towns
What is the “Act of Supremacy,” and when was it issued?
- declared Henry Vlll the head of the English/Anglican Church
- he declares England a Protestant country
- 1534
What were five measures that were taken to promote Protestantism during the reigns of Henry Vlll and Edward Vl?
1) English Bible placed in every church
2) Monasteries shut down (to gain the wealth of the monasteries)
3) Book of Common Prayer (1549) – written by Thomas Cranmer (under the reign of Henry VIII’s son, Edward)
4) Sir Thomas More (author of Utopia) is executed because he refuses to swear allegiance to Henry as the head of the Church.
5) took down images of Mary/Jesus/saints, etc. from churches (iconoclasm) - E
6) clergy could marry - E
Who was the most famous Catholic martyr during the English Reformation? Who had him killed and why?
Sir Thomas More (author of Utopia) is executed because he refuses to swear allegiance to Henry as the head of the Church.
List out the order in which Henry Vlll’s three children reigned, as wells as the approximate number of years they ruled.
- Edward Vl - 6 yrs. (strongly under influence of his Protestant advisors, died at 15)
- Mary l/”Bloody Mary” - 5 yrs.
- Elizabeth l - 45 yrs. (9th longest reigning English monarch, Protestant b/c if not, she would say her mother’s marriage was invalid, sought to retain peace and make England moderately Protestant)
What did “Bloody Mary” do as queen?
She is Catholic because 1) Henry turned the country Protestant just to divorce her mom, and 2) she had Catholic roots (she was Spanish). She executes hundreds of Protestants and makes England return to allegiance to the Pope. She dies after 5 years of reigning. One of the Protestants she kills is Thomas Cranmer.
Who was the most famous Protestant martyr during the English Reformation? Who had him killed and why?
One of the Protestants Mary l kills is Thomas Cranmer (author of the Book of Common Prayer). Unfortunately, Cranmer agreed to sign a document saying that he recounted his protestant faith. But, they still execute him. At his execution, he holds out his hand he wrote to write the document as a sign of his regret towards his rejecting God.
What were two ways that Elizabeth l retained Roman Catholic traditions in the Anglican church?
1) kept the formality and ceremonies of the Catholics
2) kept the basic hierarchy (monarchs - archbishops - bishops)
What was the Spanish Armada, and why did the king of Spain send it to England? How could the course of English and American history turned out differently had the Spanish been successful?
King Philip II of Spain goes to England with the effort to make it Catholic. America wouldn’t have Protestant/Christian roots. (1588)
When was the Council of Trent, and what were its two purposes?
- 1545-63
1) to condemn Protestantism
2) institute reforms in RCC
6 doctrinal practices re-affirmed at the Council of Trent
1) authority of the Apocrypha
2) authority of Tradition - equal to Scripture
3) authority of the Vulgate translation
4) existence of purgatory
5) communion: transubstantiation
6) 7 sacraments
What order did Ignatius Loyola found?
Jesuits/Society of Jesus
What did Loyala mean when he said we should put aside all private judgements? Submitting to the RCC?
1) no personal interpretation of the Bible
2) always believe/obey RCC even if you disagree
- in his book, Rules for Thinking with the Church
Who were Henry’s seven wives?
- Katherine of Aragon – Spanish princess, divorce, child: Mary I
- Anne Boleyn – accused of being unfaithful, beheaded, child: Elizabeth I
- Jane Seymour – died at childbirth, child: Edward VI (became king after Henry died, died at 15)
- Anne of Cleves – sent her away (she was ugly)
- Catherine Howard – executed
- Kateryn Parr – outlived him
What motivated Henry to step away from the Catholic faith?
initially, he was a staunch Catholic (named “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope), but Katherine of Aragon could not have a son, so he claims that he should not have married Katherine because she was previously married. The pope refuses because he was in good terms with the King/Queen of Spain.
Painting: “the Council of Trent”
- by Pasquale Cati (1588)
- dove = HS symbolizing God’s approval
- woman = symbol for RCC (pope’s crown and scepter), hand on St. Peter’s Basilica, stepping on another woman who represents the Protestant Church
- globe = age of exploration (New World has been discovered), symbolizes that the RCC will rule the New World
The Anabaptists
- Zurich, Switzerland
- Founders: Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and George Blaurock re-baptized each other on January 21, 1525 (public stirred)
- Executions: Manz = drowned, Annaken Hendriks = burned
Ulrich Zwingli
- Zurich, Switzerland
- 1484-1531
- beliefs: justification by faith, Sola Scriptura, attacked indulgences, monasticism, clerical celibacy, purgatory
When was Martin Luther born, and when did he die?
1483-1546
How does he become a monk originally?
thunderstorm (swears to God if he survives, he will become a monk - 1505)
What was his profession?
professor at the University of Wittenberg (1512)
When did he post the 95 Theses?
1517
What is the Diet of Worms?
Luther expected a debate but was ordered to recant, famous speech, declared outlaw, excommunicated around this time (1521)
What does Luther do when he goes into hiding?
publishes the German N.T. (1522) and later the O.T. (1534)
What happened in the year 1525 for Luther?
Peasant Revolt (years of bloody revolt, 95 Theses applied to authority), marriage to nun
background to the Reformation
- problems and corruption in RCC = need for reform (Western Schism, Black Plague)
- sales of indulgences (buy forgiveness or a soul’s freedom from purgatory) - “treasury of merit” and St. Peter’s Basilica funded by this
- Rise in nationalism
- Printing press/moveable type
- God’s providence (Catholics differ)
the Augsburg Confession
Lutheran
the Schleitheim Confession of Faith
Anabaptist
The 39 Articles
Anglican Church - Protestant
Act of Supremacy
Anglican Church - Protestant
The Creed of the Council of Trent
RCC
