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Anatomy > Exam #5: Joints > Flashcards

Exam #5: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What covers the head of the femur?

A

Articular cartilage

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2
Q

What is the only part of the head of the femur that is NOT covered by articular cartilage?

A

Fovea capitis femoris

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3
Q

Where is the articular cartilage the strongest?

A

Superior portion of the head; it has to support the most weight

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4
Q

What is the articular surface of the acetabulum called?

A

Lunate surface of the acetabulum

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5
Q

Does the head of the femur extend into the acetabular fossa?

A

No

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6
Q

Describe the composition of the floor of the acetabulum.

A

The acetabulum does NOT forma complete circle, the floor is composed of a fibroelastic mass

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7
Q

What are the three main ligaments of the hip?

A

1) Iliofemoral ligament
2) Pubofemoral ligament
3) Ischiofemoral ligament

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8
Q

What is the main function of the ligaments of the hip?

A

Prevention of hyperextension

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9
Q

What is the strongest & widest ligament of the hip?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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10
Q

What are the attachments of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

AIIS and intertrochanteric line

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11
Q

What are the specific functions of the iliofemoral ligament ?

A

Prevents hyperextension & external rotation

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12
Q

Where does the pubofemoral ligament attach?

A

Superior ramus of the pubis & obturator crest to iliofemoral ligament

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13
Q

What are the specific functions of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension, external rotation, and ABduction

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14
Q

Describe the arrangement of the ischiofemoral ligament.

A

Spirals from the ischial body to the femoral neck

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15
Q

What is the functional outcome of the spiral arrangement of the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

Extension winds the spiraling ligaments & fibers more tightly, constricting the capsule & drawing the femoral head tightly into the acetabulum–>stability

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16
Q

What are the specific functions of the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension & internal rotation

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17
Q

What is the Ligament Capitis Femoris?

A

Ligament of the head of the femur that attaches to the fovea of the femur & transverse acetabular ligament

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18
Q

What is the function of the Ligament Capitis Femoris?

A

Becomes tense when the FLEXED thigh is ADducted

*Also, note that it contains a small artery that is an important blood supply to the head of the femur (for growth) in children

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19
Q

What is the Acetabular Labrum?

A

“Lip of the Acetabulum”

  • The Acetabular Labrum narrows the acetabulum to add stability
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20
Q

What is the Transverse Acetabular Ligament?

A

Continuation of the Acetabular Labrum across the Acetabular Notch

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21
Q

What are the two major sources of blood supply to the head of the femur?

A

1) Obturator a.

2) Medial & Lateral Circumflex Femoral a.

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22
Q

Describe the blood supply to the head of the femur from the Obturator a.

A

The Acetabular Branch comes off the Obturator a. & then gives rise to the Artery to the head of the femur, which passes through the Ligament Femoris Capitis

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23
Q

Describe the blood supply to the femur from the Femoral a.

A

The Femoral a. gives off the Profunda femoris a. Typically, the Medial & Lateral Circumflex Femoral a. branch from the Profunda & go to the femur, giving off Retinacular a.

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24
Q

What is the difference between a Basal & Subcapital fracture of the femur?

A

Basal= occurs at the base of the femoral neck–does not interrupt blood supply

Subcapital= occurs just under the head of the femur–blood supply to the head of the femur can be impaired, leading to avascular necrosis

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25
Q

What is the largest joint in the body?

A

Knee

*Note that despite being the largest, it is also the most unstable

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26
Q

What three bones make up the knee joint?

A

1) Femur
2) Patella
3) Tibia

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27
Q

What bones in the knee joint does the patella articulate with?

A

Femur ONLY

*The patella does NOT articulate with the tibia

28
Q

What type of joint is between the tibia and femur?

A

This is a synovial hinge joint but it does allow some degree of rotation, so it is better called a CONDYLOID joint

29
Q

What type of joint is between the patella and femur?

A

Gliding joint

30
Q

What is the difference between the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament?

A

Quadriceps tendon= quadriceps muscles–>patella

Patellar ligament= patella–>tibial tuberosity

31
Q

What is the Fibular Collateral Ligament?

A

Lateral Collateral Ligament

32
Q

Where does the Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament attach?

A

Lateral epidcondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula

33
Q

What is the Tibial Collateral Ligament?

A

Medial Collateral Ligament

34
Q

Where does the Tibial Collateral Ligament attach?

A

Medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia

35
Q

How do the Fibular Collateral Ligament & Tibial Collateral Ligament differ?

A

Lateral= rounded/ rope-like and NOT attached to the lateral menisci

Medial= flat & ribbon-like & ATTACHED to the medial meniscus

36
Q

If the Medical Collateral Ligament is injured, what else is likely to be injured?

A

Medial Meniscus

37
Q

What is the Oblique Popliteal Ligament?

A

A posterior ligament of the knee that forms as an expansion of the semimembranosus tendon–it forms the floor of the popliteal fossa

38
Q

Where does the Oblique Popliteal Ligament attach?

A

Medial condyle of the tibia to lateral condyle of the femur

39
Q

What is the Arcuate Popliteal Ligament?

A

A posterior-lateral ligament of the knee that arches over the tendon of the popliteal muscle

40
Q

Where does the Arcuate Popliteal Ligament attach?

A

Intercondylar area of the tibia to the fibular head

41
Q

What is the Coronary Ligament?

A

The ligament that attaches the menisci to the joint capsule

42
Q

How many intra-articular ligaments are there of the knee? Which are the most important?

A

There are 5 intra-articular ligaments of the knee; two of them are important:

1) ACL
2) PCL

43
Q

How are the cruciate ligaments named?

A

By their tibial attachments

44
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Prevention of posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia i.e. it stops “HYPEREXTENSION” of the knee

45
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Prevention of anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia i.e. it stops HYPERFLEXION of the knee

46
Q

What are the structural differences between the ACL & PCL?

A

ACL is longer & weaker, PCL is shorter and stronger

47
Q

Describe the structure of the menisci.

A

C-chaped fibrocartilage that is thicker on the outside and thinner on the inside

48
Q

What artery penetrates the capsule of the knee & supplies the intercondylar structures?

A

Middle genicular artery

49
Q

What is the unhappy triad of the knee?

A

This is an injury pattern to the knee seen with a lateral blow to the knee when the foot is fixed, or with twisting forces. The outcome is involves three tears:

1) MCL
2) Medial menisci
3) ACL

50
Q

What is an anterior drawer sign? What causes an anterior drawer sign?

A

An anterior drawer sign is when the tibia is able to slide forward under the femur upon testing by an examiner

  • Caused by skiing accidents
  • Indicates ACL rupture
51
Q

What is a posterior drawer sign? What causes a posterior drawer sign?

A

A posterior drawer sign is when the free tibia slides posterior under the femur

  • Caused by car accidents when the tibial tuberosity strikes the dashboard with the knee flexed
  • Indicates PCL rupture
52
Q

What are the colloquial terms for genu varum & genu valgum?

A

Genu varum= bowleg

Genu valgum= knock knee

53
Q

What three bones form the ankle joint?

A

1) Trochlea of the talus
2) Tibia
3) Fibula

54
Q

When is the ankle joint most stable? When is it most unstable? Why?

A

Most stable= dorsiflexion
Least stable= plantar flexion

The anterior part of the trochlea is wider than the posterior part. Dorsiflexion forces the anterior part backward; thus, the malleoli exert more pressure & make the joint more stable.

55
Q

What ligament is on the medial side of the ankle?

A

Deltoid ligament

56
Q

What ligament is on the lateral side of the ankle?

A

Lateral ligament

57
Q

Which ligament of the ankle is stronger? What is the clinical outcome?

A

The medial “Deltoid” ligament is the stronger of the two ankle ligaments; thus, the lateral ligament more frequently is sprained by inversion injury

58
Q

What is a Pott’s Fracture?

A

A Pott’s Fracture is a severe injury to the ankle caused by forced eversion; there are three hallmark’s of a Pott’s fracture:

1) Deltoid ligament pulls the medial malleolus apart, fracturing it
2) Lateral malleoli fracture
3) Fibula fracture

I.e. Pott’s fracture= fracture of medial & lateral malleoli + fibula

59
Q

What is the Subtalar Joint?

A

Joint between the talus & calcaneus

60
Q

What is the function of the Subtalar Joint?

A

Permits inversion & eversion

61
Q

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A

Add to weight bearing, resilience, shock absorption, & propelling of the lower limb during walking

62
Q

What bones form the medial longitudinal arch?

A 
Calcaneus 
Talus 
Navicular 
3x Cuneiforms 
3x medial metatarsals
63
Q

What supports the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Spring ligament

Plantar aponeurosis

64
Q

What bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Lateral 2x metatarsals

65
Q

What supports the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
Plantar aponeurosis

66
Q

What is the major difference between the medial & lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Medial longitudinal arch does NOT rest on the ground

67
Q

What bones form the Transverse arch?

A

Cuboid
3x Cuneiforms
Bases of all the metatarsals

Anatomy (35 decks)

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