Exam #4: Abdominal Cavity III Flashcards
What are the functions of the kidneys?
- Remove excess water, salts, & wastes of protein metabolism
- Return nutrients to blood
- Regulate blood pressure & production of RBCs
Pararenal Fat vs. Perirenal Fat
Perirenal= contained within renal capsule Pararenal= outside the renal capsule
Describe blood supply to the kidneys.
1) Renal arteries branch from the aorta
2) Segmental arteries
3) Interlobular arteries
4) Arcuate arteries
What vessel brings nutrients from the kidney back into the blood?
Renal vein
Sympathetic Innervation of Kidney
T10-L1
Parasymathetic Innervation of Kidney
Vagus & S2-S4
What are the functions of the suprarenal (adrenal glands)?
- Cortex produces corticosteroids & androgens
- Medulla produces norepinephrine & epinephrine (fight or flight)
Corticosteroids vs. Androgens
Corticosteroids= cortisol & aldosterone Androgens= testosterone
Describe the blood supply to the adrenal gland.
Blood supply comes from the superior, middle, & inferior suprarenal arteries
- Superior= from inferior phrenic artery
- Middle= from aorta
- Inferior= from renal artery
What nervous system innervates the medulla of the adrenal gland? Where does these nerves synapse?
- Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
- Chromaffin cells in the medulla; homologous w/ sympathetic ganglion cells
Describe the blood supply to the diaphragm.
- Superior phrenic arteries branch from thoracic aorta
- Inferior phrenic arteries branch from abdominal aorta
What is the origin of the psoas major?
1) Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
2) Side of vertebral bodies T12-S1
What is the insertion of the psoas major?
Lesser trochanter of femur
What innervates the psoas major?
Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerves L2-L4
What is the action of the psoas major?
Inferiorly= flexes thigh Superiorly= flexes vertebral column laterally to balance trunk Sitting= flexes trunk
What is the origin of the iliacus?
1) Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa
2) Ala of sacrum
3) Sacro-iliac ligaments
What is the insertion of the iliacus?
Lesser trochanter of femur & shaft inferior to it
What innervates the iliacus?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
What is the action of the iliacus?
Flexes thigh & stabilizes the hip joint w/ psoas major
What is the origin of the quadratus lumborum?
1) Medial 1/2 of inferior border of 12th rib
2) Tips of lumbar transverse processes
What is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum?
1) Iliolumbar ligament
2) Internal lip of iliac crest
What innervates the quadratus lumborum?
1) Anterior branches of T12
2) L1-L4 nerves
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?
1) Extends & laterally flexes the vertebral column
2) Fixes 12th rib during inspiration
Where does the subcostal nerve arise from?
Ventral rami of T12
What does the subcostal nerve innervate?
1) External oblique muscle
2) Skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Where do the lumbar spinal nerves arise from?
L1-L5
What do the lumbar spinal nerves innervate?
1) Posterior rami= deep back muscles & skin of the back
2) Anterior rami= skin & muscles of the most inferior trunk & lower limb
Where do the ilioinguinal & iliohypogastric nerves arise from?
L1
What do the ilioinguinal & iliohypogastric nerves innervate?
1) Abdominal muscles
2) Skin of the inguinal & pubic regions
Where does the genitofemoral nerve arise from?
L1-L2
What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate?
Skin below the inguinal ligament (including scrotum & labia)
Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve arise from?
L2-L3
What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?
Anterolateral skin of thigh
Where does the femoral nerve arise from?
L2-L4
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
1) Iliacus
2) Hip flexors
3) Knee extensors
Where does the obtruator nerve arise from?
L2-L4
What does the obtruator nerve innervate?
1) Medial thigh
2) Adductors
Where does the lumbosacral trunk arise from?
L4-L5
What does the lumbosacral trunk innervate?
Joins sacral plexus
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate? What does it bifurcate into?
L4 into the right & left common iliac arteries
What is the difference between where the right & left gonadal veins drain?
Right= IVC Left= Left renal vein
