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Biology Honors > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

The change in allele frequencies in a population over time

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Alleles are the _____ _____ of a particular genetic trait

A

Different variation/forms

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3
Q

Who was
- a French naturalist
- 1809 published ideas on evolution
- had a (false) hypothesis named after himself

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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4
Q

Lamarck’s Hypothesis:
- During an organism’s lifetime , physical feathers would ____ in size because of use or ____ in size because of disuse
- organisms pass down _____ traits to offspring

A

Increase, decrease, acquired

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5
Q

Who thought
- human population was increasing faster than supply of resources
- population growth is limited by disease, famine, and war
Hint : AP HUG

A

Thomas Malthus

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6
Q

Who was
- a leading geologist of Darwin’s time
- surface of the Earth changed slowly over a long period of time

A

Charles Lyell

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7
Q

Who was
- a 22 year old HMS naturalist
- spent 5 years observing and collecting 100s of plants and animals from jungles , grasslands, desert, etc

A

Charles Darwin

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8
Q

After the voyage Darwin concluded that

A

Variations within some species enable some to survive and reproduce while those with other variations do NOT survive or reproduce

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9
Q

Selective breeding of plants /animals with desirable traits

A

Artificial selection

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10
Q

Organisms with favorable variations for a certain environment will survive , reproduce, and pass these variations to offspring .
“ survival of the fittest “

A

Natural selection

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11
Q

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in it’s specific environment

A

Fitness

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12
Q

Any trait that aids the chances of survival and reproduction

A

Adaptation

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations ?

A
  1. Structural adaptations
  2. Physiological adaptations
  3. Behavioral adaptations
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14
Q

What type of adaptation is this :

Changes in the structure of organism’s body parts
E.g., thorns, camouflage, mimicry

A

Structural adaptations

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15
Q

What type of adaptation is this :

Changes in organisms metabolic processes (jobs body parts )
E.g., super kidneys

A

Physiological adaptations

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16
Q

What type of adaptation is this :

Changes in organisms response to the environment. Can be learned behaviors or instinctual
E.g., spinning webs , danger signals ,mating rituals ,hibernation

A

Behavioral adaptations

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17
Q

What is a fossil?

A

A fossil is any evidence of an organism that lived years ago

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18
Q

What is a paleontologist ?

A

Scientists who study ancient life and fossils

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19
Q

Most fossils are located in

A

Sedimentary rock

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20
Q

What determines fossil formation ?

A

The environment

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21
Q

What are the two ways to date fossils ?

A

Relative dating and radiometric dating

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22
Q

*Modified structure in different groups of organisms.
* Similar structure, but may have same / different function
* Implies common ancestor

A

Homologous

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23
Q
  • structures with similar function, but different structure
  • Shows evolution
  • NOT common ancestor
A

Analogous structures

24
Q
  • structure / organs appear to have little / no use
  • May have been used in ancestor
  • Indicate evolution
A

Vestigial structures

25
Q
  • many different animals - same organs as embryos
  • Suggest common ancestor
A

Embryology

26
Q

Similarities in ___ / ____ sequence . Shows evolutionary relationships

A

DNA / RNA

27
Q

Population in which allelic frequency does NOT change over generations

A

Genetic equilibrium

28
Q

What are the two main sources of genetic variation ?

A

Mutation and gene shuffling

29
Q
  • any change in a sequence of DNA
  • Caused by mistakes during replication or environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals
  • Sources or new phenotypes
A

Mutations

30
Q
  • mixing of gene during the production of gametes in meiosis
  • Recombination ( aka law of Independent Assortment) as homologous chromosomes move independently during meiosis
  • Crossing over : the exchange of genetic material during prophase I
A

Gene shuffling

31
Q

Entire collection of all the alleles in a population

A

Gene pool

32
Q

The number of times an allele appears in the gene pool

A

Allelic frequency

33
Q

The change in allele frequency occurs in 3 ways

A
  • gene flow
  • Genetic drift
  • Natural selection
34
Q
  • the movement of allele into or out of a population of* population’s genetic variation increase when alleles are added to the population ( migration )
  • Decrease when alles have ( emigration )
A

Gene flow

35
Q

Random change in allelic frequencies due to chance

A

Genetic drift

36
Q

What are the two kinds of genetic drift?

A

Founder effect and bottleneck

37
Q

*A small group of individuals colonize a new habitat
* Alleles frequencies change due to the random change in the population

A

Founder effect

38
Q
  • a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to the environmental events ( flooding, earthquake, etc )
  • Alle frequencies change due to the random change of surviving the bottleneck event
A

Bottleneck

39
Q

Most common source of evolutionary change. Can lead to a increase or decrease in allele frequency I’m single gene traits. Affects are complex in polygenic traits.

A

Natural selection

40
Q

One of the extreme phenotype e is selected against

A

Directional selection

41
Q

BOTH of the extreme phenotypes are selected against. E.g., baby’s birth weight

A

Stabilizing selection

42
Q

The middle phenotype is selected against . E g., Large and small bid beak

A

Disruptive selection

43
Q

Natural selection is the key mechanism of evolution that leads to

A

Specification ( new species )

44
Q

What is a species ?

A

A group of organisms that
- can interbreed
- produce fertile offspring
- mate in nature

45
Q

____ is the evolution of a new species

A

Speciation

46
Q

____ is the loss of species

A

Extinction

47
Q

Speciation in occurs when

A
  • formerly interbreeding organisms are prevented from mating and producing fertile offspring
  • this is called reproductive isolation
48
Q

Reproductive isolation can lead to speciation in 3 ways. Name all 3

A
  • geographical isolation
  • temporal Isolation
  • behavioral isolation
49
Q
  • occurs if a physical barrier separates a population into groups
  • can be created by any type of physical barrier ( mountains, rivers, even highways )
A

Geophysical isolation

50
Q
  • temporal means “time “
  • occurs when timing prevents reproduction between populations
    E.g., seasonal differences in mating habits- one mates in the spring , the other in the fall
A

Temporal isolation

51
Q

Caused by differences in courtship or mating rituals

A

Behavioral isolation

52
Q

Speciation can occur ____ or ____

A

Slowly or quickly

53
Q

Gradualism means

A

Slow and steady change

54
Q
  • stable period ( stasis ) interrupted by rapid changes
  • caused by change in environmental conditions
  • also supported by fossil evidence
A

Punctuated equilibrium

55
Q

Species with ____ when introduced to a new environment

A

Diversity

56
Q
  • develops into 2 or more distinct species
  • also called divergent evolution
  • due to natural selection
A

Adaptive radiation

57
Q
  • the pattern of evolution is which unrelated organism evolve similar traits
  • due to similar environments and similar selection pressures
    E.g , dolphins and fish
A

Convergent evolution

Biology Honors (46 decks)

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