Evolution

Question 1

The change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Alleles are the _____ _____ of a particular genetic trait

Answer 2

Different variation/forms

Question 3

Who was
- a French naturalist
- 1809 published ideas on evolution
- had a (false) hypothesis named after himself

Answer 3

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Question 4

Lamarck’s Hypothesis:
- During an organism’s lifetime , physical feathers would ____ in size because of use or ____ in size because of disuse
- organisms pass down _____ traits to offspring

Answer 4

Increase, decrease, acquired

Question 5

Who thought
- human population was increasing faster than supply of resources
- population growth is limited by disease, famine, and war
Hint : AP HUG

Answer 5

Thomas Malthus

Question 6

Who was
- a leading geologist of Darwin’s time
- surface of the Earth changed slowly over a long period of time

Answer 6

Charles Lyell

Question 7

Who was
- a 22 year old HMS naturalist
- spent 5 years observing and collecting 100s of plants and animals from jungles , grasslands, desert, etc

Answer 7

Charles Darwin

Question 8

After the voyage Darwin concluded that

Answer 8

Variations within some species enable some to survive and reproduce while those with other variations do NOT survive or reproduce

Question 9

Selective breeding of plants /animals with desirable traits

Answer 9

Artificial selection

Question 10

Organisms with favorable variations for a certain environment will survive , reproduce, and pass these variations to offspring .
“ survival of the fittest “

Answer 10

Natural selection

Question 11

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in it’s specific environment

Answer 11

Fitness

Question 12

Any trait that aids the chances of survival and reproduction

Answer 12

Adaptation

Question 13

What are the 3 types of adaptations ?

Answer 13

1. Structural adaptations
2. Physiological adaptations
3. Behavioral adaptations

Question 14

What type of adaptation is this :

Changes in the structure of organism’s body parts
E.g., thorns, camouflage, mimicry

Answer 14

Structural adaptations

Question 15

What type of adaptation is this :

Changes in organisms metabolic processes (jobs body parts )
E.g., super kidneys

Answer 15

Physiological adaptations

Question 16

What type of adaptation is this :

Changes in organisms response to the environment. Can be learned behaviors or instinctual
E.g., spinning webs , danger signals ,mating rituals ,hibernation

Answer 16

Behavioral adaptations

Question 17

What is a fossil?

Answer 17

A fossil is any evidence of an organism that lived years ago

Question 18

What is a paleontologist ?

Answer 18

Scientists who study ancient life and fossils

Question 19

Most fossils are located in

Answer 19

Sedimentary rock

Question 20

What determines fossil formation ?

Answer 20

The environment

Question 21

What are the two ways to date fossils ?

Answer 21

Relative dating and radiometric dating

Question 22

*Modified structure in different groups of organisms.
* Similar structure, but may have same / different function
* Implies common ancestor

Answer 22

Homologous

Question 23

• structures with similar function, but different structure
• Shows evolution
• NOT common ancestor

Answer 23

Analogous structures

Question 24

• structure / organs appear to have little / no use
• May have been used in ancestor
• Indicate evolution

Answer 24

Vestigial structures

Question 25

* many different animals - same organs as embryos * Suggest common ancestor

Answer 25

Embryology

Question 26

Similarities in ___ / ____ sequence . Shows evolutionary relationships

Answer 26

DNA / RNA

Question 27

Population in which allelic frequency does NOT change over generations

Answer 27

Genetic equilibrium

Question 28

What are the two main sources of genetic variation ?

Answer 28

Mutation and gene shuffling

Question 29

* any change in a sequence of DNA * Caused by mistakes during replication or environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals * Sources or new phenotypes

Answer 29

Mutations

Question 30

* mixing of gene during the production of gametes in meiosis * Recombination ( aka law of Independent Assortment) as homologous chromosomes move independently during meiosis * Crossing over : the exchange of genetic material during prophase I

Answer 30

Gene shuffling

Question 31

Entire collection of all the alleles in a population

Answer 31

Gene pool

Question 32

The number of times an allele appears in the gene pool

Answer 32

Allelic frequency

Question 33

The change in allele frequency occurs in 3 ways

Answer 33

* gene flow * Genetic drift * Natural selection

Question 34

* the movement of allele into or out of a population of* population's genetic variation increase when alleles are added to the population ( migration ) * Decrease when alles have ( emigration )

Answer 34

Gene flow

Question 35

Random change in allelic frequencies due to chance

Answer 35

Genetic drift

Question 36

What are the two kinds of genetic drift?

Answer 36

Founder effect and bottleneck

Question 37

*A small group of individuals colonize a new habitat * Alleles frequencies change due to the random change in the population

Answer 37

Founder effect

Question 38

* a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to the environmental events ( flooding, earthquake, etc ) * Alle frequencies change due to the random change of surviving the bottleneck event

Answer 38

Bottleneck

Question 39

Most common source of evolutionary change. Can lead to a increase or decrease in allele frequency I'm single gene traits. Affects are complex in polygenic traits.

Answer 39

Natural selection

Question 40

One of the extreme phenotype e is selected against

Answer 40

Directional selection

Question 41

BOTH of the extreme phenotypes are selected against. E.g., baby's birth weight

Answer 41

Stabilizing selection

Question 42

The middle phenotype is selected against . E g., Large and small bid beak

Answer 42

Disruptive selection

Question 43

Natural selection is the key mechanism of evolution that leads to

Answer 43

Specification ( new species )

Question 44

What is a species ?

Answer 44

A group of organisms that - can interbreed - produce fertile offspring - mate in nature

Question 45

____ is the evolution of a new species

Answer 45

Speciation

Question 46

____ is the loss of species

Answer 46

Extinction

Question 47

Speciation in occurs when

Answer 47

- formerly interbreeding organisms are prevented from mating and producing fertile offspring - this is called reproductive isolation

Question 48

Reproductive isolation can lead to speciation in 3 ways. Name all 3

Answer 48

- geographical isolation - temporal Isolation - behavioral isolation

Question 49

- occurs if a physical barrier separates a population into groups - can be created by any type of physical barrier ( mountains, rivers, even highways )

Answer 49

Geophysical isolation

Question 50

- temporal means "time " - occurs when timing prevents reproduction between populations E.g., seasonal differences in mating habits- one mates in the spring , the other in the fall

Answer 50

Temporal isolation

Question 51

Caused by differences in courtship or mating rituals

Answer 51

Behavioral isolation

Question 52

Speciation can occur ____ or ____

Answer 52

Slowly or quickly

Question 53

Gradualism means

Answer 53

Slow and steady change

Question 54

- stable period ( stasis ) interrupted by rapid changes - caused by change in environmental conditions - also supported by fossil evidence

Answer 54

Punctuated equilibrium

Question 55

Species with ____ when introduced to a new environment

Answer 55

Diversity

Question 56

- develops into 2 or more distinct species - also called divergent evolution - due to natural selection

Answer 56

Adaptive radiation

Question 57

- the pattern of evolution is which unrelated organism evolve similar traits - due to similar environments and similar selection pressures E.g , dolphins and fish

Answer 57

Convergent evolution