Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 reasons why cells divide?

A
  1. Efficiency : as cell grows bigger demand for transport across membrane is too great
  2. DNA overload: as cell grows bigger, DNA can’t send out instructions fast enough to instruct organelles on work to do
  3. Growth
    4: Cells divide to replace word out or damaged cells
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2
Q

What is cell division called in prokaryotes ?

A

Binary Fission

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3
Q

What happens in Binary Fission?

A

DNA is copied then cell divides

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4
Q

What is cell division called in Eukaryotes ?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

cell grows and copies its DNA before it can divide

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6
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of events that cell go through as they grow and divide

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7
Q

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and “m” phase

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8
Q

What does the “m” phase include?

A

mitosis-division of the nuclei
cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are the steps in Interphase?

A

-G1(Growth /Gap 1)-cell grows in size, makes new organelles and performs assigned function; DNA is relaxed in chromatin and is not visible

-S phase (synthesis) :duplicates DNA to prepare for mitosis

-G2(growth/Gap 2) -cell prepares for mitosis

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10
Q

chromatin

A

DNA “scrunched up” in the nucleus and is not visible / DNA is relaxed; DNA appears as chromatin during interphase

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

cell structure that carries the genetic material/ visible DNA during mitosis

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12
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical halves of the duplicated parent chromosome

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13
Q

centromere

A

cell structure that joins the 2 sisters chromatids of chromosome

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14
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

1) DNA organizes
- chromatin condense into visible chromosomes
-chromosomes are paired with their identical copies and are called sister chromatids
- sister chromatids are held together as a pair by centromere

2) ;nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

3) spindle fibers form between the pairs of centrioles, which have moved to opposite ends of the cell

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15
Q

What happens during metaphase ?

A
  • chromosomes line up on the middle of the cell
  • each chromatid is attached to a separate spindle fiber by its centromere
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16
Q

What happens during anaphase ?

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell
17
Q

What happens during telophase ?

A
  • nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear ,chromosome begin to uncoil and relax back into chromatin
18
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

-cytokinesis occurs as the plasma membrane pinches in along the equator
- 2 identical daughter cells are formed

19
Q

What happens in plants because they have a cell all and cannot pitch off their plasma membrane?

A
  • a structure known as the cell plate forms across the cells equator
20
Q

What happens after mitosis ?

A
  • each new daughter cells is an identical copy of the parent cell . Both cells enter interphase to carry out the assigned function until they are ready to divide
21
Q

Where do cells spend the most time ?

A

Interphase

22
Q

What are cells life span like ?

A

Some cells have a short life span and can divide ( ex: skin cells )

While others must last your entire life and cannot divide (ex :heart cells )

23
Q

What is G0 phase ?

A

It is the cell’s resting phase where it doesn’t divide. Cells can go back into the cell cycle if needed

24
Q

What happens when the genes that control cell division become damaged ? And some cells do not respond to the signals that regulate growth ?

A

Result : uncontrolled cell growth . Aka cancer

25
Q
  • cigarette and tobacco use
  • radiation exposure ( x-ray and UV light )
  • genetics
  • some viruses

Are examples of

A

Causes of cancer

26
Q

What are stem cells ?

A

Unspecialized cells

27
Q

Through ____ ____stem cells become specialized in structure and function

A

Cell differentiation

28
Q

What are the two kinds of stem cells ?

A

Embryonic and adult stem cells