Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Glucagon

A

Inhibited by insulin

Hypoglycemia states

Stimulates:
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Insulin secretion
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2
Q

Insulin

A

Allows glucose to move out of blood into sk.m. and adipose tissue

Pre-proinsulin -> proinsulin -> insulin and c-peptide

Hyperglycemia triggers release

Anabolic effects:
Increased glycogen synthesis
Increased TG synthesis
Increased protein synthesis

Binds insulin receptor on cells – tyrosine kinase -> GLUT 4 transports on membrane

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3
Q

C-peptide

A

Differentiate T1DM and T2DM cause of hypoglycemia

No c-peptide: exogenous insulin
Insulinoma – high c-peptide

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4
Q

Insulin release mechanism

A

Glucose enters beta cell via GLUT2
Metabolized to ATP

Elevated ATP closes K+ channel -> depolarizes cell
Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, calcium influx -> release of insulin

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5
Q

GLUT1

A

No insulin required

Brain and RBCs

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6
Q

GLUT2

A

Insulin independent

Beta cells, liver, sm. intestine
Renal cells

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7
Q

GLUT4

A

Insulin response

Adipose tissue, sk.m.

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8
Q

Cotton wool spots

A

DM, HTN, AIDS

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9
Q

Draw out insulin formulations

A

Page 664

Meal time- short acting:
Aspart
Glulisine
Lispro

Regular insulin peaks 3 hrs, done by 9 hrs

NPH – peaks 6 hrs, mostly done by 12 hours

Long acting – 24 hours
Glargine
Detemir

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10
Q

PPAR gamma

A

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma

Regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism

Target for –glitazone diabetic drugs

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