Chapter 9 Terminology Flashcards
Includes all of the structures of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the anus, and the accessory organs. Breaks down food into usable nutrients and then eliminate bulk waste in the form of feces
Gastrointestinal GI system
Mouth
Oral or buccal cavity
Chewing food with the aid of tongue and teeth. Food is broken down into smaller and smaller parts
Mechanical digestion
Secreted from three different salivary glands. Also contains ptyalin, a chemical that starts to break down starches
Saliva
A rounded mass ready to be swallowed
Bolus
A small, finger-shaped portion of soft tissue that hangs from the upper back of the mouth. It prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
Uvula
Tissue that is shaped something like a funnel, opens into the larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
A long, tube-like structure that passes through the diaphragm and connects to the stomach
Esophagus
A small flap of cartilage covered with epithelial tissue. Purpose food and liquid from entering the “wrong tube”
Epiglottis
Muscles in the esophageal wall contract intermittently and involuntarily which moves the food bolus downward into the stomach
Peristalsis
At the lower end of the esophagus is a muscular opening called _________; also called the cardiac sphincter because of its location near the heart, it acts as a doorway between the esophagus and the stomach and prevents backflow of gastric secretions
Lower esophageal sphincter LES
The inside of the abdominal cavity is lined with a membrane called __________
Peritoneum
Folds on the inside of the stomach that expand when we eat a large amount of food
Rugae
Upper portion of the stomach
Fundus
Middle portion of the stomach
Body
Lower portion of the stomach
Pylorus
Very acidic secretions that act on food to continue breaking it down and preparing it for absorption within the intestines
Gastric secretions
After the stomach, the food is now referred to as a ________, a more liquid material made up of chewed food, saliva, and digestive juices
Chyme
Lies between the pylorus and the small intestine. The sphincter acts as the stomach’s exit way and then releases chyme into the small intestine a little at a time
Pyloric sphincter
Most of the digestive action occurs within the __________. Peristalsis continues to move the contents through the three parts of the small intestine. Here, most of the digestion is completed, and most nutrients are absorbed
Small intestine
Upper portion of the small intestine
Duodenum
Middle portion of the small intestine
Jejunum
End portion of the small intestine
Ileum
The small intestine is lined with ______, which are tiny, finger like structures surrounded by capillaries and lymphatic vessels. These increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing greater absorption of water and nutrients into the blood
Villi
The intersection between the small intestine and the large intestine
Ileocecal valve
The first part of the large intestine
Cecum
Small tube-like structure called the ________ hangs from the cecum in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Research suggests it may serve as a storage facility for normal bacteria which may serve to repopulate the GI tract if needed. Sometimes it is clogged with intestinal matter and then becomes infected and inflamed, then it must be surgically removed
Appendix
The _________progresses upward from the cecum. It takes a 90° turn when it nears the top of the abdomen the liver
Ascending Colon
________ passes horizontally across the uppermost part of the abdomen
Transverse colon
The __________ descends into the rectum and finally the anus after a 90° turn from the transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
How do feces exit the body
Defecation
Located in the upper right and center of the abdominal cavity, is the largest glandular organ of the body. Its functions include digestion, absorption, storage, and excretion
Liver
______ is a sack 3 to 4 in long, on the inner surface of the liver. It is connected to the common bile duct which also connects to the duodenum. _______ acts as storage pouch for bile. When we eat fatty food it responds by secreting bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct to break down those fats for digestion and absorption
Gallbladder
A long, somewhat flat organ the lies just beneath and behind the stomach. Composed of alpha and beta cells. Functions include neutralizing stomach acid, breaking down proteins via trypsin, breaking down fats via lipase, and breaking down carbohydrates via amylase. Secrete hormones insulin and glucagon which work together to regulate blood glucose levels
Pancreas
