Chapter 6 Pathology Flashcards
group of disorders generally defined as a reduction in the mass of circulating red blood cells
anemia
weakening and bulging of part of a vessel wall
aneurysm
heart pain or other discomfort felt in the chest, shoulders, arms, jaw, or neck, caused by insufficient blood and oxygen to the heart; usually a symptom of heart disease
angina
loss heart rhythm (rhythmic irregularity)
arrhythmia
the most common form of __________, marked by deposits of cholesterol, lipids, and calcium on the walls of arteries, which may restrict blood flow
arteriosclerosis
common irregular heart rhythm marked by uncontrolled atrial quivering and a rapid ventricular response
atrial fibrillation
soft blowing sound caused by turbulent blood flow in a vessel
bruit
serious condition in which the heart becomes compressed from an excessive collection of fluid or blood between the pericardial membrane and the heart
cardiac tamponade
group of conditions in which the heart muscle has deteriorated in functions less effectively
cardiomyopathy
Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body, resulting in lung congestion and dyspnea
Congestive heart failure CHF
Condition of right ventricular enlargement or dilation from increased right ventricular pressure; also called pulmonary heart disease or right-sided heart failure
cor pulmonale
narrowing the lumen, or inner open space of a vessel, of heart arteries due to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
coronary artery disease CAD
Development of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs; also known as thrombophlebitis
deep-vein vein thrombosis DVT
serious condition that arises as a complication of another disorder, in which widespread, unrestricted microvascular blood clotting occurs; primary symptom is hemorrhage
Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
undissolved matter floating and blood or lymph fluid that may cause an occlusion and infarction
embolus
infection of the inner lining of the heart that may cause vegetation to form within one or more heart chambers or valves
endocarditis
quivering of heart muscle fibers instead of an effective heartbeat
fibrillation
blood pressure that is consistently higher than 140 systolic, 90 diastolic, or both
Hypertension HTN
temporary reduction in blood supply to a localized area of tissue
ischemia
rare, life-threatening type of hypertension evidenced by optic nerve edema and extremely high systolic and diastolic blood pressure
malignant hypertension
condition in which the mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium; also called mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence
mitral regurgitation MR
condition in which the mitral valve fails to open properly, thereby impeding normal blood flow and increasing pressure within the left atrium and lungs
mitral stenosis MS
blowing your swishing sound in the heart, due to turbulent blood flow or backflow through a leaky valve
murmur
Death of heart muscle cells due to occlusion of a vessel; commonly called heart attack
myocardial infarction MI
condition in which the middle layer of the heart wall becomes inflamed
myocarditis
acute or chronic condition in which the fibrous membrane surrounding the heart becomes inflamed
pericarditis
Condition of partial or complete obstruction of the arteries of the arms or legs; similar to peripheral vascular disease PVD, which includes both arteries and veins
peripheral artery disease PAD
Chronic disorder marked by increased number and mass of all bone marrow cells, especially red blood cells, with increased blood viscosity and a tendency to develop blood clots
polycythemia vera
disorder that affects blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose, marked by vessel constriction and reduced blood flow in response to triggers such as cold temperature also known as _______ gangrene, ________ phenomenon
Raynaud disease
complication of rheumatic fever in which inflammation and damage occur to parts of the heart, usually the valves
Rheumatic heart disease
syndrome of inadequate perfusion (circulation of blood, nutrients, and oxygen through tissues and organs) as a result of hypotension or low blood pressure
Shock
type of vascular disease associated with tobacco use, marked by inflammation and clot formation within small vessels of the hands and feet, which may lead to gangrene and surgical amputation sometimes called Buerger’s disease
thrombolangiitis obliterans TAO
bulging, distended veins due to incompetent valves, most commonly in the legs
Varicose veins
Diagnostic or therapeutic radiography of the heart and blood vessels
Angiography
small computer driven defibrillator that analyzes the patient’s rhythm, selects the appropriate energy level, charges the machine, and delivers a shock to the patient
Automated external defibrillator AED
very small defibrillator, surgically implanted in patients with a high risk for sudden cardiac death, that automatically detects and treats life-threatening arrhythmias
Automatic implanted cardioverted defibrillator AICD
Evaluation of the heart vessels and valves via the injection of dye that shows up under radiology
Cardiac Catheterization
emergency procedure that provides manual external cardiac compression and sometimes artificial respiration
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR
Restoration of normal sinus rhythm NSR by chemical or electrical means
Cardioversion
surgical creation of an alternate route for blood flow around an area of coronary arterial obstruction
Coronary artery bypass graft CABG
delivery of an electric shock with the goal of ending ventricular defibrillation in restoring NSR
defibrillation
Creation and study of graphic records of electric currents originating in the heart
Electrocardiography ECG, EKG
Portable monitoring device that transmits heart rhythms by telephone to a central laboratory, we’re dysrhythmias can be detected and analyzed
Event recorder
Portable device worn by a patient during normal activity that records heart rhythm for up to 24 hours
Holter monitor
Standardized method of checking the prothrombin time; used to monitor and adjust warfarin dosage in order to maintain a balance between clot prevention and excessive bleeding
International normalized ratio INR
Device that can trigger the mechanical contractions of a heart by emitting periodic electrical discharges
Pacemaker
Measure of blood clotting time, used to monitor heparin therapy; heparin is an anticoagulant medication that slows the clotting time of blood. A balance must be maintained between clot prevention and excessive bleeding
Partial thromboplastin time PTT
method of treating a narrowed coronary artery via inflate inflation and deflation of a balloon on a double lumen catheter inserted through the right femoral artery
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
procedure that measures the clotting time of blood; used with the international normalized ratio to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin. A balance must be maintained between clot prevention and excessive bleeding
Prothrombin time PT
Treadmill test that can show off the blood supply is reduced in the arteries that supply the heart
Stress test
study of the heart via a probe placed in the esophagus
transesophageal echocardiography TEE
Protein released into the body by damaged heart muscle, considered the most accurate blood test to confirm the diagnosis of an MI
troponin
