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Medical Terminology in a Flash (fourth edition) > Chapter 6 Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Pathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

group of disorders generally defined as a reduction in the mass of circulating red blood cells

A

anemia

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2
Q

weakening and bulging of part of a vessel wall

A

aneurysm

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3
Q

heart pain or other discomfort felt in the chest, shoulders, arms, jaw, or neck, caused by insufficient blood and oxygen to the heart; usually a symptom of heart disease

A

angina

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4
Q

loss heart rhythm (rhythmic irregularity)

A

arrhythmia

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5
Q

the most common form of __________, marked by deposits of cholesterol, lipids, and calcium on the walls of arteries, which may restrict blood flow

A

arteriosclerosis

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6
Q

common irregular heart rhythm marked by uncontrolled atrial quivering and a rapid ventricular response

A

atrial fibrillation

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7
Q

soft blowing sound caused by turbulent blood flow in a vessel

A

bruit

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8
Q

serious condition in which the heart becomes compressed from an excessive collection of fluid or blood between the pericardial membrane and the heart

A

cardiac tamponade

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9
Q

group of conditions in which the heart muscle has deteriorated in functions less effectively

A

cardiomyopathy

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10
Q

Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body, resulting in lung congestion and dyspnea

A

Congestive heart failure CHF

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11
Q

Condition of right ventricular enlargement or dilation from increased right ventricular pressure; also called pulmonary heart disease or right-sided heart failure

A

cor pulmonale

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12
Q

narrowing the lumen, or inner open space of a vessel, of heart arteries due to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

A

coronary artery disease CAD

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13
Q

Development of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs; also known as thrombophlebitis

A

deep-vein vein thrombosis DVT

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14
Q

serious condition that arises as a complication of another disorder, in which widespread, unrestricted microvascular blood clotting occurs; primary symptom is hemorrhage

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC

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15
Q

undissolved matter floating and blood or lymph fluid that may cause an occlusion and infarction

A

embolus

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16
Q

infection of the inner lining of the heart that may cause vegetation to form within one or more heart chambers or valves

A

endocarditis

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17
Q

quivering of heart muscle fibers instead of an effective heartbeat

A

fibrillation

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18
Q

blood pressure that is consistently higher than 140 systolic, 90 diastolic, or both

A

Hypertension HTN

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19
Q

temporary reduction in blood supply to a localized area of tissue

A

ischemia

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20
Q

rare, life-threatening type of hypertension evidenced by optic nerve edema and extremely high systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

malignant hypertension

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21
Q

condition in which the mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium; also called mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence

A

mitral regurgitation MR

22
Q

condition in which the mitral valve fails to open properly, thereby impeding normal blood flow and increasing pressure within the left atrium and lungs

A

mitral stenosis MS

23
Q

blowing your swishing sound in the heart, due to turbulent blood flow or backflow through a leaky valve

A

murmur

24
Q

Death of heart muscle cells due to occlusion of a vessel; commonly called heart attack

A

myocardial infarction MI

25
Q

condition in which the middle layer of the heart wall becomes inflamed

A

myocarditis

26
Q

acute or chronic condition in which the fibrous membrane surrounding the heart becomes inflamed

A

pericarditis

27
Q

Condition of partial or complete obstruction of the arteries of the arms or legs; similar to peripheral vascular disease PVD, which includes both arteries and veins

A

peripheral artery disease PAD

28
Q

Chronic disorder marked by increased number and mass of all bone marrow cells, especially red blood cells, with increased blood viscosity and a tendency to develop blood clots

A

polycythemia vera

29
Q

disorder that affects blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose, marked by vessel constriction and reduced blood flow in response to triggers such as cold temperature also known as _______ gangrene, ________ phenomenon

A

Raynaud disease

30
Q

complication of rheumatic fever in which inflammation and damage occur to parts of the heart, usually the valves

A

Rheumatic heart disease

31
Q

syndrome of inadequate perfusion (circulation of blood, nutrients, and oxygen through tissues and organs) as a result of hypotension or low blood pressure

A

Shock

32
Q

type of vascular disease associated with tobacco use, marked by inflammation and clot formation within small vessels of the hands and feet, which may lead to gangrene and surgical amputation sometimes called Buerger’s disease

A

thrombolangiitis obliterans TAO

33
Q

bulging, distended veins due to incompetent valves, most commonly in the legs

A

Varicose veins

34
Q

Diagnostic or therapeutic radiography of the heart and blood vessels

A

Angiography

35
Q

small computer driven defibrillator that analyzes the patient’s rhythm, selects the appropriate energy level, charges the machine, and delivers a shock to the patient

A

Automated external defibrillator AED

36
Q

very small defibrillator, surgically implanted in patients with a high risk for sudden cardiac death, that automatically detects and treats life-threatening arrhythmias

A

Automatic implanted cardioverted defibrillator AICD

37
Q

Evaluation of the heart vessels and valves via the injection of dye that shows up under radiology

A

Cardiac Catheterization

38
Q

emergency procedure that provides manual external cardiac compression and sometimes artificial respiration

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR

39
Q

Restoration of normal sinus rhythm NSR by chemical or electrical means

A

Cardioversion

40
Q

surgical creation of an alternate route for blood flow around an area of coronary arterial obstruction

A

Coronary artery bypass graft CABG

41
Q

delivery of an electric shock with the goal of ending ventricular defibrillation in restoring NSR

A

defibrillation

42
Q

Creation and study of graphic records of electric currents originating in the heart

A

Electrocardiography ECG, EKG

43
Q

Portable monitoring device that transmits heart rhythms by telephone to a central laboratory, we’re dysrhythmias can be detected and analyzed

A

Event recorder

44
Q

Portable device worn by a patient during normal activity that records heart rhythm for up to 24 hours

A

Holter monitor

45
Q

Standardized method of checking the prothrombin time; used to monitor and adjust warfarin dosage in order to maintain a balance between clot prevention and excessive bleeding

A

International normalized ratio INR

46
Q

Device that can trigger the mechanical contractions of a heart by emitting periodic electrical discharges

A

Pacemaker

47
Q

Measure of blood clotting time, used to monitor heparin therapy; heparin is an anticoagulant medication that slows the clotting time of blood. A balance must be maintained between clot prevention and excessive bleeding

A

Partial thromboplastin time PTT

48
Q

method of treating a narrowed coronary artery via inflate inflation and deflation of a balloon on a double lumen catheter inserted through the right femoral artery

A

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA

49
Q

procedure that measures the clotting time of blood; used with the international normalized ratio to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin. A balance must be maintained between clot prevention and excessive bleeding

A

Prothrombin time PT

50
Q

Treadmill test that can show off the blood supply is reduced in the arteries that supply the heart

A

Stress test

51
Q

study of the heart via a probe placed in the esophagus

A

transesophageal echocardiography TEE

52
Q

Protein released into the body by damaged heart muscle, considered the most accurate blood test to confirm the diagnosis of an MI

A

troponin

Medical Terminology in a Flash (fourth edition) (56 decks)

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